– “These viruses are time bombs”
Cases are on the rise in Africa, and the WHO may issue a maximum alert. Piero Olliaro from Geneva, a specialist in this disease, responds to our inquiries.
Published today at 09:34
Monkeypox, which originated in Africa, reached Europe and the rest of the world in 2022.
AFP
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Monkeypox, also referred to as monkeypox or mpox, is back in the news. Since the beginning of the year, over 14,000 cases and 511 deaths have been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The virus is spreading to other African nations, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to potentially declare the highest level of alert. Piero Olliaro, a professor of infectious diseases of poverty at the University of Oxford and the scientific director of ISARIC, an international consortium focusing on emerging diseases, addresses our questions.
Understanding the Threat of Monkeypox: “These Viruses are Time Bombs”
Cases are increasing in Africa and the WHO could declare maximum alert. Genevan Piero Olliaro, a specialist in this disease, answers our questions.
Current Situation of Monkeypox
Monkeypox, also known as monkeypox or mpox, has recently resurfaced in the global spotlight due to increasing case numbers in Africa. As reported, there have been more than 14,000 cases and 511 deaths in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) alone since the beginning of the year. The infection’s spread is alarming, with reports confirming its presence in various other African countries, causing the World Health Organization (WHO) to consider declaring a maximum alert.
The Virus: What You Need to Know
Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) and vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine). While monkeypox is clinically similar to smallpox, it typically presents with milder symptoms. The disease is endemic to certain regions in Central and West Africa, but outbreaks have occurred globally, particularly leading to significant instances in Europe and America.
Symptoms and Transmission
- Symptoms:
- Fever
- Headache
- Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
- Back pain
- Myalgia (muscle pain)
- Fatigue
- Skin rashes
- Transmission:
- Human-to-human transmission occurs through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact.
- Direct contact with infectious skin lesions, bodily fluids, or contaminated materials.
- Possible transmission via animal bites or scratches from infected animals.
The Expert’s Insights: An Interview with Piero Olliaro
In an exclusive interview, Genevan Piero Olliaro, professor of infectious diseases of poverty at the University of Oxford and scientific director of ISARIC, discussed the pressing issue of monkeypox:
Q: Why are we seeing an increase in monkeypox cases now?
A: The increased incidence of monkeypox can be attributed to various factors, including ecological changes leading to closer interactions between humans and wildlife, enhanced reporting and diagnosis, and perhaps the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare surveillance.
Q: What challenges do health authorities face in controlling this outbreak?
A: The challenges are multi-faceted, ranging from logistical issues, such as access to remote areas for surveillance and patient care, to understanding the virus’s transmission dynamics. The fear of stigma associated with the disease also complicates public health messaging, potentially deterring individuals from seeking care.
Global Health Risks and Preparedness
The WHO expresses significant concern regarding the virus’s potential to cause outbreaks beyond Africa, particularly in areas like Europe and North America. To effectively manage and prepare for potential global spread, health authorities advocate the implementation of several strategies:
1. Enhanced Surveillance and Reporting
Improved surveillance systems are crucial. Case reporting must be expedited to allow for prompt responses to any outbreaks, including healthcare infrastructure in affected areas being prepared for potential surges in case numbers.
2. Public Awareness and Education
Educating communities about monkeypox—how it spreads, its symptoms, and preventative measures—can empower individuals to engage in safer practices and reduce stigma.
3. Vaccine Accessibility
The smallpox vaccine has shown efficacy in preventing monkeypox, so ensuring its accessibility in endemic regions can help combat the outbreak. Vaccination campaigns targeting healthcare workers and high-risk populations should be prioritized.
4. International Cooperation
Global health security requires collaborative efforts and resource sharing. International partnerships can enhance research and funding towards effective treatments and vaccines.
Practical Tips for Individuals
Individuals can take several practical steps to protect themselves from monkeypox:
- Practice good hygiene, including regular handwashing with soap and water.
- Avoid close contact with anyone exhibiting monkeypox symptoms.
- Stay informed about potential outbreaks in your area.
- Seek medical attention if you experience symptoms.
Key Takeaways
The resurgence of monkeypox poses a significant public health challenge globally. With increasing case numbers in Africa, experts warn that this virus represents a potential “time bomb.” Through enhanced surveillance, public education, and accessible healthcare resources, the threat of monkeypox can be mitigated.
Case Studies: Previous Outbreak Response
2017 Monkeypox Outbreak in Nigeria
In 2017, Nigeria witnessed a significant outbreak of monkeypox, with more than 200 suspected cases. An effective response involved mobilizing healthcare workers, conducting community awareness campaigns, and utilizing contact tracing to contain the virus’s spread.
2022 Global Spread of Monkeypox
The 2022 outbreak highlighted the importance of global health preparedness. Reactive measures were taken worldwide, including vaccination drives and travel warnings to prevent further transmission.
| Year | Location | Cases Reported | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Nigeria | 200+ | Containment through public health measures |
| 2022 | Various Global Locations | Over 10,000 | Increased focus on vaccination and public awareness |
As we navigate the complexities of zoonotic diseases like monkeypox, fostering collaboration between governments, health organizations, and individuals is essential for effective disease prevention and management. By taking proactive measures today, we can avert potential public health crises tomorrow.
