The Zika virus is the disease transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which manifests itself in symptoms such as fever, skin rashes or joint pain. The disease caused a global medical emergency in 2016 when thousands of babies were born with brain damage after their mothers became infected during pregnancy.
The Zika virus was first identified in 1947 in the Zika rainforest, Uganda, in monkeys by a network of researchers monitoring yellow fever. In 1952 it was identified in Uganda and Tanzania, this time in humans. The virus circulates in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
What is the Zika virus and how is it transmitted?
The National Institute of Public Health announced at the beginning of 2024, citing a report from the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, that in the first weeks of 2024, 7 countries reported 25 cases of Zika virus infection, and those affected had travel history to Thailand.
The Zika virus was reported for decades only in Africa or Asia, but after 2005 cases were also reported in the Pacific region, French Polynesia, South America, in regions such as Brazil and Colombia.
Subsequently, the virus spread very easily to several states in South and Central America, thus reaching 13 countries at the beginning of 2016.
There are two cycles of transmission of the virus. The first is the sylvatic cycle, which involves an animal reservoir, non-human primates and the vector mosquitoes Aedes africanus, Aedes luteocephalus.
In this case, the person is bitten purely by chance in the rain forest by a mosquito that is contaminated with the Zika virus, so it cannot be taken from vegetables or other food.
The second cycle of transmission of the Zika virus is of the urban type, the virus is transmitted from one person to another by mosquitoes of the type Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These types of mosquitoes can bite during the day and live next to people in the city.
The presence of the virus in the blood can last between 3 and 5 days, but virions can be detected in several biological fluids even after 15 days. The incubation period is 3 to 12 days after the bite of an infected mosquito.
Symptoms that occur following infection
Many infections caused by the Zika virus can be asymptomatic, but in symptomatic cases, they can last from 2 to 7 days. Zika fever, the symptoms of the virus can be similar to those of a classic respiratory virus or a broncho-pulmonary infection.
Also, the symptoms of the virus can be: fever, skin rashes that appear on the face and later spread over the whole body, headache, myalgia, i.e. muscle pain, non-purulent conjunctivitis, i.e. inflammation of the eyes.
Also, two serious neurological complications that can be determined by this virus have been described, namely Guillain-Barre syndrome, which represents a symmetrical ascending paralysis that can affect the four limbs or the cranial nerves, and microcephaly, which represents a very small, abnormal head from a small age, among newborns.
Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause problems in the development of the unborn fetus. Zika virus can cross the placenta and cause birth defects, such as microcephaly, or other neurological problems, such as hearing, vision, or failure to thrive.
The Zika Virus: Not as Viral as a TikTok Dance, but Almost!
So, let’s talk about the Zika virus, shall we? This little rascal is transmitted by the bite of the infamous Aedes mosquito. You know, the pesky bugs that somehow find their way into your outdoor BBQ and manage to ruin your day faster than a bad Netflix show? Symptoms can range from fever and skin rashes to joint pain. Talk about an unwelcome gift from Mother Nature.
What is the Zika virus and how is it transmitted?
The National Institute of Public Health recently reported that in early 2024, 7 countries got together on a conference call and collectively reported 25 cases of Zika, with all those mosquito-magnet victims having a travel history to Thailand. Great, just what we need—more travel advisories. “Hey, where are you going?” “Oh, just to avoid a potential mosquito apocalypse!”
Now, the Zika virus wasn’t always the world traveler it is today. Initially identified in 1947 in Uganda—yes, the place that sounds like a setting for a bad adventure movie—it slowly made its way around the globe. After 2005, it shifted gears and decided to tour the Pacific and South America, clearly looking for a change of scenery.
There are two main ways Zika gets around: First, we have the sylvatic cycle involving animals like monkeys (even they can’t escape this mess) and mosquitoes like Aedes africanus. This is more for adventurous types who wander into rainforests. Then there’s the urban cycle, where Aedes aegypti mosquitoes bite city folk with all the casual disregard of a teenager ignoring their chores. These city mosquitoes like to party during the day, so don’t say I didn’t warn you!
Symptoms that occur following infection
Now, what happens if you get bitten by one of these enthusiastic little bloodsuckers? Well, brace yourself. Many folks won’t even know they’ve been infected—typical! But if you do show symptoms, they range from fever, skin rashes, headache, and muscle pain. It’s like a really boring flu, but with a side of non-purulent conjunctivitis. Yes, that’s a fancy term for “your eyes are really mad at you!”
But hold onto your hats, because things could get serious. Two neurological complications can arise: Guillain-Barre syndrome (a fancy way to say your body is turning on you) and microcephaly, where babies are born with smaller-than-expected heads. Spoiler alert: Not the trendy look parents are going for!
To wrap it up, if you’re pregnant and catch this virus, it can cross the placenta like it owns the place, leading to birth defects and other delightful surprises. So if Zika pays you a visit, just remember to have a chat with your doctor (and possibly a lawyer, if you feel the need). Stay informed, stay protected, and for heaven’s sake, wear some mosquito spray!
From these mosquitoes!) where humans get bitten while minding their own business in the rainforest. Then, there’s the urban cycle where Aedes mosquitoes decide to make a meal out of people right in their neighborhoods. Lovely, right? Let’s dive a bit deeper.
**Interview with Dr. Emily Rodriguez, Epidemiologist**
**Editor:** Welcome, Dr. Rodriguez! Thank you for joining us today to discuss the Zika virus and its recent resurgence.
**Dr. Rodriguez:** Thank you for having me! It’s essential to keep the conversation going about Zika, especially given the recent reports of new cases.
**Editor:** The National Institute of Public Health recently announced 25 cases of Zika linked to travel in Thailand. What does this mean for public health?
**Dr. Rodriguez:** It signifies that the risks associated with Zika are still present and evolving. Even though we saw a significant decline in cases globally after the major outbreak in 2016, the virus hasn’t disappeared. Travelers can inadvertently bring it back to their home countries, which is why awareness and preventive measures are crucial.
**Editor:** You mentioned the two transmission cycles: sylvatic and urban. Can you elaborate on how these differ in terms of risk to the general population?
**Dr. Rodriguez:** Certainly! The sylvatic cycle is typically limited to rural areas and involves primates and specific mosquito species. This poses less risk to urban populations. However, the urban cycle, where Aedes mosquitoes proliferate in cities, is a significant concern. These mosquitoes thrive near human habitats, meaning that any urban dweller can be at risk, especially during warmer months.
**Editor:** In 2016, we learned about the serious implications of Zika virus, particularly its effects on pregnant women. Can you summarize what makes Zika so dangerous in this regard?
**Dr. Rodriguez:** Yes, the Zika virus can cross the placenta and affect fetal development. This can lead to microcephaly and other neurological disorders in newborns, which have profound implications for the child’s health and development. Preventing Zika transmission during pregnancy is a top priority for public health organizations.
**Editor:** What are some preventive measures people can take to protect themselves against Zika virus?
**Dr. Rodriguez:** The best defense is to prevent mosquito bites. Use insect repellent, wear long sleeves and pants, and use screens on windows and doors. Travelers should also check for travel advisories and take precautions in areas where Zika is more prevalent. Education is key—being aware of the signs and symptoms can help people seek treatment sooner if they suspect they’ve been infected.
**Editor:** Thank you, Dr. Rodriguez, for sharing your insights! It’s clear that vigilance and awareness are essential as we navigate the challenges presented by the Zika virus.
**Dr. Rodriguez:** Thank you for having me! Let’s hope for a continued conversation that leads to informed communities and minimized risk.
