2023-10-06 17:13:40
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As expected and desired, this time the Nobel Prize for Medicine has been awarded to Kathleen Carrick for developing effective mRNA vaccines once morest Covid vaccine. Kathleen Caricocco shares the prize with American scientist Drew Weisman, Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research and director of the Penn Institute for RNA Innovations.
Katalin Karikó was born and raised in a small town in Hungary. Carrick, who was good at studies, was interested in biology. at the University of Szeged (University of Szeged) and received his PhD in biology from Carrico. They became fascinated with the molecule called mRNA. Controls which protein is produced in the human body. Since it is mRNA, how can we use mRNA to make the proteins we need, and then she completed her post-doctoral research from Temple University, Pennsylvania, USA. There, double-stranded RNA (Double stranded RNA: dsRNA) participated in the treatment trial. Dr. who was involved in trying to find a vaccine once morest HIV. Andrew Wiseman. She got a job in the lab of a scientist. Together, the two tried to further the idea of using mRNA to make proteins. At that time, many people were researching treatment using mRNA. It was thought that mRNA might be used to produce antibodies once morest cancers and the like. But there was not much effect in this regard.
Bion Tech (BioNTech) one of the company’s founders, Ugur Sahin (1965- ), considered using Kariko’s idea for vaccines and hired him in the research department of the Bion Tech company. Since 2019, Carrico’s team has been involved in the development of an influenza vaccine for Biontech, when the world was hit by Covid. Recognizing the importance of context, Biontech joined forces with Pfizer to develop a Covid vaccine under Carico’s leadership. They succeeded and in December 2020 received approval to use their vaccine, named Comirnaty. Not only Bion Tech-Pfizer, but also another American company, Modena (Moderna), adopted Carico’s ideas for research to develop mRNA vaccines. Kariko was later promoted to the position of senior vice president of the biontech company.
Two works of children’s literature have been published regarding the research career of Nobel laureate Kathleen Carrico. Never Give Up: Dr. Kati Karikó and the Race for the Future of Vaccines, by Debbie Dadey and Juliana Oakley, Kati’s Tiny Messengers: Dr. Katalin Karikó and the Battle Against COVID-19, by Megan Hoyt and Vivien Mildenberger. Cathal’s autobiography Breaking Through: My Life in Science is ready for publication.
The countries of the world have been able to achieve the control of Covid by gaining immunity through vaccination along with the implementation of the Covid code of conduct. For the first time in the history of epidemics, vaccines have been produced and distributed worldwide while the disease is present. Several vaccines have already been marketed from different countries. Although the companies and countries that produce the vaccines are well known, the scientists who have made fundamental contributions to the research of the Covid vaccine have not been given much attention. After Kathleen got the Nobel Prize, that shortcoming has been solved to some extent, but we need to know regarding other scientists who have made a fundamental contribution to the research of the Covid vaccine.
Scientist Dr. K. Sumathi, who had been trying to find a vaccine once morest the infectious diseases Zika and Chicken Gunia in the research department of Bharat Biotech in India, is a leading scientist in the scientific team that developed the covaccine covid vaccine with the help of ICMR.
Indo-American scientist Nita Patel researched the Novovaxin Covid-19 vaccine for the American company Novovax. Born in Sojitra, a village in Gujarat, Nita Patel graduated from Johns Hopkins University with a degree in biotechnology and worked in vaccine research at Natri AstraZeneca and later at NovoVaccine. DNA recombination technology ( Recombinant DNA) developed the Covid vaccine by Nita Patel and colleagues. Nita Patel’s Vaskin research team is unique in that all members are scientists.
The most widely used vaccine in India, CoviShield, was researched and developed at the Edward Jenner Center at the University of Oxford in Britain. In 2020, the effort to develop a DNA vaccine once morest Mers disease, which broke out in China in 2002, started at the Jenner Institute almost ten years ago, and led to the discovery of the first Covid vaccine, CoviShield. MERS vaccine research was led by a scientist named Sarah Catherine Gilbert. Gilbert and her team inserted the gene that creates the spike protein into chimpanzee-infected adenoviruses through genetic engineering. When it reaches human cells and starts making spike proteins, the body’s immune system reacts strongly. The body has antibodies once morest the Mers virus. By the time the vaccine was developed in 2014, MERS outbreaks had subsided, so it was not widely used. Using this technology, Sarah Gilbert and her colleagues began and succeeded in developing a vaccine when the genetic sequence of the Covid virus became available. The Johnson & Johnson company’s vaccine and Russia’s Sputnik vaccine use the same technology with minor differences.
University of East Aglia (University of East Anglia) and Sarah Gilbert, who graduated with a degree in biology, received her doctorate from the University of Hull and the Brewing Industry Research Foundation (Brewing Industry Research Foundation) and conducted post-doctoral research. Since 2004, she has served as Reader in Vaccinology at the University of Oxford. In 2010, she was appointed as a professor at the Jenner Institute. Her initial focus was on influenza vaccine research. Gilbert is a mother who gave birth to three boys in one birth in 1998. All three were twenty-one years old when the covid started. Gilbert first tested the vaccine he developed on his own children. The University of Oxford entered into an agreement with the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca to provide financial support for human trials of the vaccine. Britain approved the vaccine in December 2020. The book Vaxxers: The Inside Story of the Oxford AstraZeneca Vaccine and the Race Against the Virus: y by Sarah Gilbert and Catherine Green, written by Sarah Gilbert and colleague Catherine Green, explains the challenges faced in researching and marketing the Covid vaccine. Hodder & Stoughton 2021)). It has earned a reputation as an excellent scientific text that lays out the basic science of vaccine research in plain language.
Researchers Dr Maria Elena Botacic and Dr Peter Hotesin at the Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development (Dr. Maria Elena Bottazzi, Dr. Peter Hotez) developed a protein subunit vaccine called Corbevax. Both have been engaged in non-profit research for the past two decades to find vaccines once morest neglected diseases and epidemic-prone diseases that affect the poor. Big companies have made huge profits by patenting the vaccines that were marketed during the Covid era. During the peak of Covid, developing countries did not have access to the vaccine as needed. Considering the disparity in the availability of the Covid vaccine, the Indian pharmaceutical company Biologic E Company was allowed to conduct human trials and market the CorbiVax researched by Maria Botassium and Peter Hotes. The Corbivax vaccine, approved for emergency use, has been given free to six crore children in India. Popular health movements and activists who believe in human equality and universal health care believe that Maria Botassium and Peter Hotesi deserved the Nobel Peace Prize for using the Corbivax vaccine discovered as a result of their research to solve the vaccine inequality between developed and developed countries and between the rich and poor in the availability of the Covid vaccine.
Haneke Schuttmaker, a Dutch virologist who played a critical role in Johnson & Johnson’s Covid vaccine research (Hanneke Schuitemaker) He received his PhD in AIDS Pathology from the University of Amsterdam. In 2010, Schuttmaker, who focused on AIDS research, became the Global Head of Viral Vaccines Discovery and Translational Medicine at Janssen Vaccines for Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine research. The universal flu vaccine (Universal Flu Vaccine) and they were trying to find an AIDS vaccine. With the advent of the Covid pandemic, Schuttmaker and his colleagues immersed themselves in the research of a Covid vaccine. The vaccine they developed was approved for use in February 2021.
At Sechenov University Center for Clinical Research, Russia Elina Smolyarchuk (Elena Smoliarchuk) following research Gamelia Centre (Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology) developed the Sputnik V Covid vaccine.
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