2024-02-10 11:45:00
(CNN Spanish) — From Venice to Rio de Janeiro, from Barranquilla to New Orleans, there is a celebration that every year crosses the barriers of age, gender, race and nationality and attracts millions: the carnival. To trace its origin you have to make a long journey in time.
Pagan roots?
The historical origin of the holiday is unclear, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica, which identifies two possible roots: festivals dedicated to the god Saturn in the pagan Roman Empire and a primitive celebration that “honored the beginning of the new year and the rebirth of nature “.
The New Carnival Company, an English non-profit organization, dates back to this antiquity, which places the most remote antecedent in ancient Egypt. There, he claims, a pagan festival called Sham El-Nessim was held that celebrated the beginning of spring and where the first seed of our festival is found.
Centuries later — through the campaigns of Alexander the Great — the Greeks adopted the holiday, and then the Roma, the organization says. It was called Bacchanal, following the god Bacchus, also known as Dionysus (a “god of nature, fertility and vegetation, especially known as the god of wine and ecstasy,” as described by Britannica). Those parties featured plenty of singing, dancing and wine and “excessive behavior,” says the New Carnival Company.
Other features of the carnival can be traced back to the Fiesta de los Locos, the organization says. In this popular celebration in the Middle Ages, a joking pope or bishop was elected and ecclesiastical rituals were parodied, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. “People wore animal masks and women’s clothing, sang obscene songs, recited crazy speeches and ran like crazy through the streets,” says the organization promoting the carnival celebration.
The festival was banned in the 16th century, but modern carnivals inherited satire and ridicule.
The Catholic tradition behind carnival
As has happened with other pagan festivities, Christians adopted this festival and gave it their own meaning, which can be approached through words. Although its exact origin is “uncertain,” according to Britannica, it may come from two Latin expressions, carnem levare or carnival which means to remove the meat.
This coincides with the fact that carnival is the celebration prior to the beginning of Lent, a 40-day period of austerity prior to Easter in which Catholics abstained from eating meat, among other ascetic practices.
An artist performs in the Gran Parada de Comparsas parade during the third day of the Barranquilla Carnival on March 28, 2022. (Photo by Diego Cuevas/Getty Images)
Of masters and slaves
To understand the most popular modern carnival in the world, that of Rio de Janeiro, among others, it is necessary to add another piece: African traditions.
With the arrival of Christopher Columbus to America and the conquest of the territory, the carnival crossed the ocean, explains the New Carnival Company.
The plantation owners celebrated until Ash Wednesday with parades through the streets and dances with costumes that referred to Old World traditions. Meanwhile, the slaves brought from Africa also celebrated festivals with their own traditions, which were linked to the burning and harvesting of sugar cane and where masks and mimicry were key.
Eventually, following their release, they joined the celebration of carnival, which today is an amalgamation of different traditions in the world.
In the US, for example, Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday), on the last day of the Carnival period, was first celebrated in 1703, and the most iconic parade, the one in New Orleans, began in 1837. .
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