2023-07-03 22:00:00
Hydrogen has played an essential role in the chemical industry, oil refining, petrochemicals and, to a lesser extent, for obtaining certain materials since the middle of the 20th century. For twenty years, hydrogen has been considered as a key energy vector for decarbonization in several areas such as mobility, energy storage and even heating. These new uses, coupled with the need to produce low-carbon hydrogen, disrupt and complicate the different stages of the hydrogen sector from its production to its use due to new technological challenges that remain to be met.
Currently, hydrogen is mainly produced from hydrocarbons, but new methods such as water electrolysis, steam reforming with CO2 capture or gasification or even pyrolysis are being developed to obtain low-carbon hydrogen. In most cases, a purification step is necessary to obtain hydrogen at the required level of purity.
If it is not consumed at its place of production, hydrogen must be stored before transport in compressed, liquefied or adsorbed form in liquids or solids. This step is a challenge due to its low energy density and the need to ensure safety. The hydrogen must then be transported to end users through pipelines, tankers or ships.
Finally, if hydrogen is currently used in industry (metallurgy, refining, chemicals), its use is envisaged in new fields (mobility, production and storage of electricity, heating) in order to initiate a transition towards sources cleaner energy.
Each step presents specific technological, economic and regulatory challenges. Efforts are aimed at optimizing every step to make hydrogen more accessible, cost-effective and sustainable as an energy carrier for the future.
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