Fear
ICE Raids Trigger Construction Slowdown, Worker Shortages Across Texas and Nevada
Table of Contents
- 1. ICE Raids Trigger Construction Slowdown, Worker Shortages Across Texas and Nevada
- 2. Construction Projects Stall Amidst Worker Apprehension
- 3. Impact on Housing and Economic Development
- 4. the Undocumented Workforce: A vital Component
- 5. A State-by-State Comparison of Immigrant Labor Impact
- 6. The Broader Economic Implications
- 7. Frequently Asked Questions
- 8. Reader Engagement
- 9. What proactive steps can construction companies take to minimize the potential financial and operational impacts of an ICE raid?
- 10. ICE Raids Impact on Construction: Navigating Risks and Ensuring Compliance
- 11. Operational Disruptions and Project Delays
- 12. contractual Breaches and Financial Penalties
- 13. financial Implications and Labor Shortages
- 14. The Ripple Effect: Impact on Subcontractors and Suppliers
- 15. Ensuring Compliance: Proactive measures to Mitigate Risks
- 16. I-9 compliance and Verification
- 17. Developing an Immigration Compliance Plan
- 18. Best Practices: Protecting Your Business
- 19. Case Study: Lessons Learned from Recent ICE Raids
- 20. Conclusion
The construction industry in Texas and Nevada is facing significant disruptions due to increased ICE activity. Concerns are escalating as Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids lead to worker shortages, causing project delays and potential cost increases. the situation is notably critical in these states, where undocumented immigrants constitute a substantial portion of the construction labor force.
Builders are reporting widespread fear among workers, with many hesitant to come to job sites. This reluctance stems from concerns over potential detention and deportation, impacting project timelines and overall economic progress.
Construction Projects Stall Amidst Worker Apprehension
One Texas builder revealed the harsh reality: projects are practically at a standstill. Workers are afraid to leave their homes, fearing they may not return to their families.Conversations now revolve around the possibility of night work or simply refusing to work altogether.
“People have not come to throw cement,” Says Reyna Rodriguez. The delays are already evident, with the construction timeframe for an average house extending from six to nine months, or even longer.
Impact on Housing and Economic Development
Experts warn that the increased ICE activity and subsequent worker shortages could considerably decelerate housing projects. Contractors are struggling to replace personnel, leading to higher labor costs and impacting overall economic development in both states.
The Trump administration maintains that these enforcement operations target not only unauthorized immigrants but also aim to dismantle broader criminal activities.
the Undocumented Workforce: A vital Component
Undocumented immigrants form a significant portion of the labor force in Nevada and Texas. Pew research Center estimates indicate that over 8% of the workforce in these states consisted of undocumented workers as of 2022, highlighting their crucial role in the construction sector.
Workers now live in constant anxiety, always looking over their shoulders. “You are seeing through the window, seeing everything around the door, all the time, as if you were a criminal,” saeid one worker.
A State-by-State Comparison of Immigrant Labor Impact
The reliance on immigrant labor varies between Nevada and Texas. HereS a speedy look:
| State | Estimated % of Undocumented Workers (2022) | Impact of ICE Raids |
|---|---|---|
| Nevada | 8%+ | Significant project delays, increased labor costs |
| Texas | 8%+ | Widespread worker shortages, stalled construction |
Source: Pew Research Center Estimates, 2022
The Broader Economic Implications
The situation in Texas and Nevada reflects a broader national trend. Industries heavily reliant on immigrant labor, such as agriculture and hospitality, also face similar challenges amid increased enforcement efforts. The debate over immigration policy and its economic impacts continues to be a critical point of discussion.
Did You No?
A study by the Center for Migration Studies of New York found that increased immigration enforcement can lead to a decrease in economic output in certain sectors.
Pro Tip:
Contractors can mitigate risks by ensuring compliance with labor laws and exploring workforce development programs to attract and retain local talent.
Frequently Asked Questions
- how Do Ice Raids Affect Construction Projects?Ice raids lead to worker shortages as immigrant construction workers fear deportation, causing project delays and increased labor costs.
- What Is The Impact Of Immigrant Construction Workers On the Texas Economy?Immigrant construction workers contribute significantly to the Texas economy, and their reduced presence can lead to a construction slowdown and broader economic impacts.
- Why Are Undocumented Workers important In The Construction Industry?Undocumented workers fill essential labor needs in the construction industry, particularly in states like Nevada and Texas, where they comprise a significant portion of the workforce.
- What Can Contractors Do To Address Worker Shortages Caused By Ice Raids?Contractors can focus on compliance with labor laws, explore workforce development programs, and engage with local communities to attract and retain talent.
- how Do Construction Slowdowns Affect Housing Prices?Construction slowdowns can reduce the supply of new houses, potentially leading to increased housing prices due to limited availability.
- What Measures Are Being Taken To Support Construction Projects Amid Labor shortages?Some initiatives include advocating for immigration reform, investing in vocational training, and promoting fair labor practices to stabilize the construction workforce.
Reader Engagement
What are your thoughts on the impact of immigration enforcement on the construction industry?
How can communities and policymakers address these challenges effectively?
Share your comments and insights below!
What proactive steps can construction companies take to minimize the potential financial and operational impacts of an ICE raid?
ICE Raids Impact on Construction: Navigating Risks and Ensuring Compliance
The construction industry, known for its labor-intensive nature and reliance on a diverse workforce, faces significant challenges when it comes to immigration enforcement. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids can disrupt operations, leading to project delays, financial penalties, and reputational damage. This article delves into the multifaceted impact of ICE raids on construction companies, exploring the potential consequences and offering practical guidance on how to mitigate risks and ensure compliance.
Operational Disruptions and Project Delays
One of the most immediate effects of an ICE raid is the halt of work at job sites. Unannounced raids can create chaos and fear among workers, leading to widespread absenteeism and a significant reduction in productivity. This can directly translate into costly project delays. The potential for Department of Labor (DOL) investigations often follows, further complicating matters.
contractual Breaches and Financial Penalties
Project timelines are crucial in construction,and delays can trigger penalties outlined in contracts. Beyond the immediate labor shortage, construction companies face the risk of breaching contracts with clients. This could lead to significant financial losses due to contract terminations, liquidated damages, and legal fees. Furthermore, the investigation stages involved with ICE typically includes audits and the possible accumulation of civil penalties.
financial Implications and Labor Shortages
Beyond project-specific impacts, ICE raids can inflict serious financial strain on construction companies. These financial consequences frequently enough include:
- Lost Productivity: Reduced workforce availability translates directly into lower output.
- Legal Fees: Costs associated with defending against accusations,which can increase the burden.
- Recruitment and Training: Replacing workers can necessitate expenditures on recruitment, background checks, and retraining programs.
- Potential Fines: Penalties levied by ICE for employing unauthorized workers can be significant and financially damaging.
The Ripple Effect: Impact on Subcontractors and Suppliers
The domino effect of an ICE raid can extend to subcontractors and material suppliers. Subcontractors whose workers are affected may not be able to fulfill their contractual obligations,further exacerbating project delays. The disruption of material supplies can be compounded if suppliers also face workforce shortages due to immigration enforcement, leading to supply chain issues and cost escalations.
Ensuring Compliance: Proactive measures to Mitigate Risks
Construction companies can take proactive measures to minimize the impact of potential ICE raids and ensure compliance with immigration laws.
I-9 compliance and Verification
Robust I-9 verification: Implement a rigorous Form I-9 verification process to ensure that all employees are authorized to work in the United States.This includes proper completion and maintenance of I-9 forms and verifying the authenticity of supporting documents. Regular audits of your I-9s are crucial.
- E-Verify Program: Consider enrolling in the E-Verify program, a web-based system that allows employers to verify the eligibility of their employees to work in the United States.
- Training for HR and Managers: Dedicated training should provided for those responsible for completing I-9 forms, understanding acceptable documents, and managing the verification process.
Developing an Immigration Compliance Plan
Create a complete Immigration Compliance Plan, which outlines the steps to be taken in the event of an ICE raid. The document should include:
- Emergency Procedures: Protocols for responding to an ICE presence at a job site.
- legal Counsel: Contact information for legal counsel, immigration attorneys, and specialists.
- Communication plan: Strategies for communicating with employees, clients, and other subcontractors.
Best Practices: Protecting Your Business
By implementing key compliance practices such as having comprehensive documented procedures, a company can take advantage of the following:
Consistent Record Keeping: Maintaining organized and up-to-date employee records, from the initial hiring procedures and I-9 compliance, can considerably reduce your risk.
Audit Readiness: A frequent internal audit of payroll and employment files, along with legal counsel, will ensure the business is always inspection-ready.
Case Study: Lessons Learned from Recent ICE Raids
While specific case studies require caution due to the need for privacy, real-world examples can illuminate common pitfalls and successful mitigation strategies for companies affected by ICE raids; such as one construction business that implemented an Immigration Compliance Plan (ICP), conducting internal audits, providing employee training, and consistently verifying I-9 documentation. This approach allowed it to significantly limit disruptions and exposure during an ICE audit and avoid paying financial penalties. This contrasts with another company that wasn’t prepared or compliant; as a result, it has led to project delays and substantial operational costs.
Conclusion
The construction industry is dynamic. By understanding the risks and implementing proactive measures and having a solid Immigration Compliance Plan, construction companies can continue to grow and prevent costly disruptions.
Israel Strikes Iran, Raising Fears of Regional Conflict
Amman – In a dramatic escalation of long-standing tensions, israel launched a important air campaign targeting Iran early Friday, inflicting casualties among high-ranking Iranian military officials and striking key components of Iran’s nuclear infrastructure. The Israel Iran conflict took a dangerous turn as Iran responded swiftly, launching over 100 drones in what it declared was only the initial wave of retaliation.
Israeli Air Campaign Targets Key Iranian Sites
Shortly after 3 A.M., explosions reverberated across Tehran, with reports concentrated in the central, northeastern, and northwestern districts of the Iranian capital. According to the Israeli military, approximately 200 warplanes targeted over 100 sites, including nuclear facilities, ballistic missile factories, and other military zones across Iran, with significant strikes reported in Natanz, Kermanshah, and Tabriz.
Prime Minister Benjamin netanyahu stated in a released video that the operation would persist “for as many days as it takes to remove this threat,” citing an “obvious and present danger to Israel’s very survival.”
Significant Casualties Among Iranian Military Leadership
The Israeli strikes have reportedly dealt a severe blow to Iran’s military leadership. Iranian state media confirmed the deaths of several high-ranking officials, including Maj. Gen. Mohammad Bagheri, Chief of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces; Maj. Gen. Hossein Salami, Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC); and Maj. Gen.gholam Ali Rashid,an IRGC commander overseeing the army’s central headquarters. key nuclear scientists, including fereydoon Abbasi, Abdolhamid Minoucher and Mohammad-Mehdi Tehranchi, were also reportedly killed, according to Press TV.
Iranian state media also reported civilian casualties, including children, in residential areas of Tehran, though the exact death toll remains unclear.
Iran Vows Retaliation, Regional Tensions Soar
Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei condemned the attacks, stating that Israel has extended its “filthy and bloodstained hand to commit a crime in our beloved country,” and vowed a “bitter and painful fate” for the “Zionist regime.”
Videos circulating on social media show extensive fire damage to residential buildings in tehran, purportedly homes of officials targeted in the strikes.
Airspace Closures and International Reactions
The International civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has acknowledged the disruptions. The exchange led to immediate airspace closures and flight cancellations across the region. Countries including Iran, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel suspended all flights. Emirates Airlines also announced cancellations to Iran, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon.
Jordan issued warnings for citizens to stay indoors as Iranian drones approached Israel, with sirens sounding in Amman. United States secretary of State Marco Rubio distanced the U.S. from the attacks, calling it “a unilateral action” that Israel deemed necessary for its self-defense.
Rubio stated, “We are not involved in strikes against Iran, and our top priority is protecting American forces in the region.” U.S. embassies in the region have issued movement restrictions, with some evacuating non-essential personnel. Hours before the strikes, President Trump expressed concerns that an Israeli attack could derail ongoing negotiations.
Regional condemnation has been widespread, with Saudi Arabia’s foreign ministry denouncing the “heinous Israeli attacks”. Oman, a key mediator between the U.S. and Iran, described the attacks as “unacceptable and ongoing aggressive behavior.” U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called for “maximum restraint” to avoid “descent into deeper conflict.”
The Impact on Global Oil Prices
the Israel Iran conflict has sent shockwaves thru global markets,particularly impacting oil prices. Crude oil futures surged by over 7% in early trading as investors priced in the increased geopolitical risk. The potential disruption to oil supplies from the Middle east is a major concern, as the region accounts for a significant portion of global oil production.
Did You Know? The Strait of hormuz,a narrow waterway between oman and Iran,is a critical chokepoint for global oil supplies. Any escalation in the conflict that disrupts traffic through the strait could have severe consequences for the world economy.
Key Players in the Conflict
Understanding the key players involved in the Israel Iran conflict is crucial for grasping the complexities of the situation. Here’s a brief overview:
| player | Role | Key Interests |
|---|---|---|
| Israel | Initiator of the air strikes | National security, preventing iran from developing nuclear weapons |
| iran | Target of the air strikes | Regional influence, maintaining its nuclear program |
| United States | Major ally of Israel | Maintaining stability in the Middle East, protecting its interests in the region |
| Saudi Arabia | Regional rival of Iran | Countering iranian influence, maintaining its position as a leading Sunni power |
What are the potential long-term consequences of this Israel Iran conflict ? How might it affect global alliances and security?
Analyzing the Escalation: Long-Term Implications
The current Israel Iran conflict marks a significant inflection point in Middle Eastern geopolitics. Beyond the immediate destruction and casualties, the long-term consequences could reshape regional alliances, accelerate nuclear proliferation, and further destabilize an already volatile area. The potential for miscalculation remains high,underscoring the urgent need for diplomatic intervention to de-escalate the crisis.
Pro Tip: Stay informed by consulting multiple news sources and analyses to get a comprehensive understanding of the situation. Avoid relying solely on social media for your news, as it can frequently enough contain misinformation.
Frequently Asked Questions About the Israel Iran Conflict
- What triggered the current Israel Iran conflict? The current conflict was triggered by an Israeli air campaign targeting Iran’s nuclear facilities and military leadership.
- What was Iran’s immediate response to the Israel attack? Iran responded by launching over 100 drones towards Israel, declaring it as the first wave of retaliation.
- What are the potential regional impacts of the Israel Iran conflict? the conflict raises fears of a full-on regional war, potentially involving other countries like the U.S.
- How has the international community reacted to the Israel Iran conflict? The international community, including the U.N., has called for restraint to avoid further escalation of the conflict.
- What is the United States’ official stance on the Israel Iran conflict? The U.S. has distanced itself from the attacks, calling it a unilateral action by Israel, and reaffirmed its priority is protecting American forces in the region.
Share your thoughts and comments below. How do you think this situation will unfold?
Trump’s Deportation Threats: Fear and Anxiety in L.A. Hotels
Immigration Fears Grip Los Angeles Hospitality Industry Amid Enforcement Concerns
Table of Contents
- 1. Immigration Fears Grip Los Angeles Hospitality Industry Amid Enforcement Concerns
- 2. Heightened Anxiety among Hotel Workers
- 3. Economic Impact and Labor Shortages
- 4. Hotel Industry Prepares for Potential Audits
- 5. Concerns Over Enforcement Actions
- 6. Union Advocacy and Worker protections
- 7. Hotel Owners’ Concerns
- 8. Personal Impact on Workers
- 9. Navigating uncertainty: Resources and Support
- 10. Conclusion
- 11. Given that a significant portion of teh hospitality industry workforce are immigrants, and perhaps facing deportation/increased enforcement action, what specific economic steps can LA Mayor Karen Bass’s office advocate for in support of struggling immigrant communities during this uncertainty?
- 12. Immigration Concerns in Los Angeles Hospitality: An Expert Interview
- 13. Understanding the Current Climate
- 14. Economic Impact and Labor Disruptions
- 15. Employee Support and Protection
- 16. addressing the Fear Factor
- 17. Navigating the Future
Los Angeles’s vital hospitality sector is on edge,grappling with anxieties over potential large-scale immigration enforcement actions. The industry,a cornerstone of the local economy,faces potential disruptions as workers and businesses brace for possible federal scrutiny.
Heightened Anxiety among Hotel Workers
In late February, rumors of planned immigration sweeps sent ripples of fear through the hotel workforce. Travis Gemoets, an attorney representing numerous Southern California hotels, noted a notable increase in absenteeism.”There was more absenteeism than you would normally expect,” Gemoets stated.”We have people who are afraid. That’s unfortunate.” This fear highlights the precarious situation many immigrant workers face, impacting their willingness to come to work and potentially destabilizing hotel operations.
Economic Impact and Labor Shortages
The hospitality and tourism industry is a major economic engine for Los Angeles,employing over 540,000 individuals and generating over $25 billion in annual visitor spending,according to the Los Angeles Tourism & Convention Board. Michael Clemens, an economist with the Peterson Institute for International Economics, estimates that about 10% of hospitality workers are unauthorized immigrants. Their contributions are essential, serving as “key ingredients” that support the entire industry.A sudden loss of this workforce would have cascading effects.A 2019 study by the Center for Migration Studies of New York found that mass deportations could reduce the U.S. GDP by as much as 2% due to labor shortages and decreased consumption [Citation: Center for Migration studies of New York, 2019].
“We have clear evidence that mass deportations will be generally disruptive to the economy and to the U.S. labor market — and specifically hospitality will be hard hit,” Clemens warned. “Their labor is a crucial factor of production, and it’s that production that generates other jobs in the sector. That’s something I wish everyone understood.”
Hotel Industry Prepares for Potential Audits
Hotels are proactively preparing for potential increased scrutiny. Many are consulting with legal counsel,organizing informational webinars,and educating managers on protocols to follow should immigration authorities appear. Some employers are conducting internal I-9 audits or hiring external firms to perform mock audits, ensuring compliance with employment eligibility verification requirements.
Concerns Over Enforcement Actions
While large-scale workplace raids have not yet materialized,the threat remains a real concern for hotel operators. “Anyone that declares [the Trump management’s] intentions are unfeasible or just bluster is fooling themselves,” Clemens cautioned, emphasizing the need for businesses to take the threat seriously.
jacob Monty, an immigration and employment lawyer advising chain restaurants, echoed these concerns. “The hysteria is worse than what’s happening on the ground, but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t have an effect,” Monty said, highlighting the psychological impact on workers and businesses alike.
Union Advocacy and Worker protections
Unite Here Local 11,the labor union representing many hotel workers,has been actively advocating for greater protections for immigrant employees. In late January,the union sent a letter backed by thousands of workers urging hotel owners to strengthen protections for immigrant workers,asylum seekers,and DACA recipients. Ada Briceño, co-president of Unite Here Local 11, emphasized the importance of employer support. “Workers are making a pledge to themselves to stand up for immigrant families during this tough time,” briceño said. “We need to tell employers that they’ve got to stand strong to protect the same people they’ve been leaning on to make a profit.” current union contracts include provisions prohibiting the use of E-Verify.
Hotel Owners’ Concerns
Ray Patel, president of the Northeast Los Angeles Hotel Owners Assn., expressed concern about the potential impact of immigration enforcement on both staff and guests. “The worry is having dozens of people in ICE jackets come into a hotel and spooking guests and workers,” Patel explained, referring to Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents. “We don’t want that to happen.”
Personal Impact on Workers
Dina Paredes, a housekeeper at the Alsace Hotel, shared her fears, despite having temporary protected status. “We felt safe to go out before, but not anymore,” Paredes said, highlighting the climate of fear gripping many immigrant communities. Emmanuel Cabrera,a bellman at the Westin bonaventure and a DACA recipient,is constantly monitoring social media for ICE activity reports. “People are scared right now,” Cabrera said, underscoring the widespread anxiety.
Navigating uncertainty: Resources and Support
For hotel owners and workers alike, navigating this uncertain landscape requires access to accurate details and resources. organizations like the Immigrant Legal Resource Center (ILRC) offer guidance on immigration law and best practices for employers [Citation: Immigrant Legal Resource Center]. Workers can seek support from local community organizations and legal aid providers. the National Immigration law Center (NILC) provides information on workers’ rights and advocacy efforts [Citation: National Immigration Law Center].
Conclusion
The Los Angeles hospitality industry is currently grappling with significant concerns related to potential immigration enforcement.The anxieties among workers, coupled with the potential economic consequences and operational disruptions, demand proactive strategies and a commitment to protecting vulnerable employees. As the situation evolves, it is imperative for employers, employees, and community organizations to collaborate effectively to mitigate the adverse impacts and foster a supportive habitat. Reach out to local advocacy groups and legal resources for assistance in navigating these challenging times.
Given that a significant portion of teh hospitality industry workforce are immigrants, and perhaps facing deportation/increased enforcement action, what specific economic steps can LA Mayor Karen Bass’s office advocate for in support of struggling immigrant communities during this uncertainty?
Immigration Concerns in Los Angeles Hospitality: An Expert Interview
The Los Angeles hospitality industry is currently facing a wave of anxieties concerning possible immigration enforcement actions. To understand the potential impacts and possible solutions, ArchydeS Eleanor Vance sat down with Sofia Rodriguez, Director of Human Resources at the fictional Grand Vista Hotel Group, a prominent hotel chain in Los Angeles.
Understanding the Current Climate
Eleanor Vance: Sofia, thank you for joining us. There’s a lot of concern in the Los Angeles hospitality industry regarding immigration enforcement. Can you describe the atmosphere right now from your perspective within the Grand Vista Hotel Group?
Sofia Rodriguez: Thank you for having me, Eleanor. The atmosphere is definitely tense. Our employees, many of whom are immigrants, are understandably worried. We’ve seen a slight increase in absenteeism, and there’s a general sense of uncertainty.The potential for immigration enforcement actions creates instability, and that affects everything.
Economic Impact and Labor Disruptions
Eleanor Vance: We’ve read reports estimating significant economic repercussions if large segments of the hospitality workforce are impacted. How is Grand Vista Hotel Group preparing for potential labor shortages due to increased immigration enforcement?
Sofia Rodriguez: We’re taking several steps.First, we’re reinforcing our commitment to workplace compliance, ensuring all our I-9 documentation is accurate and up-to-date. we’ve also partnered with legal counsel to conduct internal audits and train our managers on how to respond appropriately if immigration officials appear. Crucially, we’re also focusing on cross-training employees to build redundancy across different roles. Ultimately, we believe respecting our workers and providing a respectful atmosphere is paramount.
Employee Support and Protection
Eleanor Vance: Unite Here Local 11 has been vocal about protecting immigrant workers.how is Grand Vista working with unions or other organizations to provide support and reassurance to your employees?
Sofia Rodriguez: We maintain open dialogue with Unite Here Local 11, understanding their concerns and working collaboratively to address them. Our current contracts, much like those referenced in reports, already prohibit E-Verify use. More broadly, we’ve organized informational webinars where employees can ask questions and receive accurate information about their rights.We’re also connecting employees with local legal aid providers who can offer free or low-cost legal advice. We want to send a strong message that we value our employees and are here to support them, within the bounds of the law.
addressing the Fear Factor
Eleanor Vance: Experts have mentioned the psychological toll this uncertainty takes on workers. What initiatives has Grand Vista Hotel group implemented to alleviate concerns and foster a supportive environment for its staff given rising immigration fears?
Sofia Rodriguez: That’s a critical issue. We’ve increased the visibility of our HR team and encouraged open communication. We’re actively listening to employees’ concerns and addressing them directly. We’ve also emphasized our existing policies against discrimination and harassment, ensuring everyone feels safe and respected at work. Moreover, we are expanding our employee assistance program to include mental health resources tailored to address anxieties related to immigration concerns.
Navigating the Future
Eleanor Vance: Considering the ongoing uncertainty, what advice would you give to other hospitality businesses in Los Angeles grappling with similar anxieties around the enforcement of US immigration laws?
Sofia Rodriguez: My advice would be to prioritize your employees. Invest in compliance, communication, and employee support. Don’t underestimate the impact of fear and anxiety on your workforce. Be proactive, not reactive.It’s also essential to stay informed about changing laws and regulations and to seek legal counsel to ensure you’re operating within the boundaries of federal and state law.Ignoring this issue will ultimately damage not only your employees but also your buisness.
Eleanor Vance: Sofia, thanks for joining us, one last question for our readers: What proactive steps can individuals outside of the hospitality industry take to stand in solidarity with immigrant workers during these uncertain times? Share your thoughts in the comments below.