2023-11-28 23:00:00
According to the NF EN ISO/ASTM 52900 standard, additive manufacturing (AM) brings together technologies allowing parts to be manufactured by successive layers of material from a digital model. First used at the end of the 1980s for the production of prototypes, AM is now available for most everyday or high-tech parts. It applies equally well to metals, ceramics, polymers, concretes and even more recently to glasses. Its field of application is only growing, making it possible to produce parts for cutting-edge sectors such as aeronautics, automobiles and health.
Among all AM techniques, 3D printing by plastic extrusion represents a large share of the market. Known as fused deposition printing (DFF) or in English as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), it is quite easy to implement and requires moderate costs in energy and material (thermoplastic polymer) and acquisition. However, the usage properties (mechanical, thermal) remain below those of products shaped by more traditional methods. To enable improvement of the properties and further extend the field of applications, the operation of DFF printers remains to be further explored. Thus, the purpose of this article is to detail the key stages of the process using the first principles of physics and process engineering.
After having described the process in broad terms, section 1, the way in which the polymer melts in the extruder is described in section 2. The deposition of the filament will then be studied in section 3 where its morphology, its cooling and crystallization will be discussed . At the end of these two sections, perspectives on the FDM process will be offered.
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