2024-01-03 00:15:00
Wednesday, January 3, 2024, 7:15 a.m.
At present, the polio outbreak situation has begun to spread once more in many countries. From the past where more than 99% of cases have been successfully eradicated, the latest World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2021-2022 has reported that outbreaks of the WPV1 strain of poliovirus have been found in Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan, while in 2022 there have been reports of The spread of mutated vaccine strains of poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) has occurred in Indonesia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Israel. People infected with the poliovirus cause inflammation of the spinal cord. and paralysis of the muscles in the limbs, which is found in many countries. After there were no reports of polio cases for many years. As a result, medical and public health agencies in Thailand are concerned that this disease outbreak may spread to other countries in ASEAN, including Thailand.
Assoc. Prof. (Special) Dr. Thawee Chot Pittayasunon President of the Influenza Education Foundation and committee member of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Association of Thailand Provide information at the World Immunization Day 2023 (or World Immunization Day 2023) that polio, also known as Paralysis of the limbs It is caused by the polio virus that destroys the nervous system, resulting in paralysis, disability, difficulty breathing, and eventually death. The symptoms of polio virus infection vary greatly, with over 95 percent showing no symptoms at all, 1-2 percent showing only mild or flu-like symptoms, while 1-2 percent There will be symptoms of meningitis such as severe headaches. Pain in the neck, stiff neck, fatigue, dizziness, but can still recover (luckily), while the last group of patients are the most severe. It is rare, approximately 1 in 500-1,000 people infected with the polio virus. There will be symptoms of muscle weakness. Acute and permanent paralysis occurs and cannot return to normal (bad luck).
Polio is more common in children than adults. And it is often found in children under 5 years of age. The infection can easily be transmitted from one person to another if the infected person does not yet have immunity. It can be transmitted by ingestion or inhalation of germs into the body. The germs come out in throat secretions when the patient coughs or sneezes. or comes out with feces and enters the body of others through the mouth It then spreads to others through swallowing germs that are stuck in the throat from breathing or from swallowing water. or food contaminated with polio virus
After the polio virus enters the body of a person who does not have immunity, the virus multiplies in the pharynx and intestines, and within 2-3 days it spreads to the lymph nodes in the throat, tonsils, and intestines. and enters the bloodstream causing the patient to have a fever. A small proportion of the virus passes directly from the bloodstream into the spinal cord and brain. or some may pass through the spinal cord through nerves. And if the virus has entered the spinal cord The infection then destroys the motor neurons that control various muscle functions. Both smooth muscles (It is a muscle of an internal organ that can work on its own without being under the control of the brain, such as the heart muscle. intestinal muscles) and skeletal muscles (Muscles of the arms and legs) causing these muscles to weaken or eventually become paralyzed.
Assoc. Prof. (Special) Dr. Thawee Emphasizes that polio is a disease that has no cure. But it can be prevented by vaccination. This is a basic and essential vaccine that every child should receive. Parents should pay attention to taking their children to receive the polio vaccine according to the specified program. There are two types of polio vaccine: an oral type (Oral Polio Vaccine: OPV), which is a live vaccine, and an injection type (Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine: IPV), which is a killed vaccine. The Ministry of Public Health has provided policy and clarification of the collaborative project to drive polio eradication in line with international commitments. By piloting the polio vaccine, formula 2 IPV + 3 OPV, to the Provincial Public Health Office and related agencies.
Most recently, the Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health Has provided policies and clarified cooperation projects to drive polio eradication in line with international commitments. By piloting the polio vaccine, formula 2 IPV + 3 OPV, to provincial public health offices and related agencies across the country. Effective from 1 July 2023 as follows: It is recommended to give 2 doses of the injectable polio vaccine (IPV) when children are 2 months and 4 months old, as well as 3 doses of the oral or injectable polio vaccine (OPV). At 6 months, 18 months and 4 years of age
Because both types of polio vaccine can stimulate good immunity. and is highly effective in preventing polio by oral polio vaccine It is a live attenuated vaccine. Consisting of strains 1 and 3, they mimic natural infections. Causes the body to create local immunity on the throat and intestinal mucosa quickly and for a long time. While the injectable polio vaccine It’s a killed vaccine. Immunity cannot be created immediately following injection. But it can cover all strains 1, 2, 3, especially the CvdPV2 strain which is still contaminated in the environment. In addition, the injectable vaccine does not cause VAPP (Vaccine-associated paralytic polio) or the weakening condition caused by Polio virus infection from oral vaccines which is a condition that is rarely found But it affects the quality of life of children in the long run. The incidence rate is 1 per 900,000 people who receive the first OPV vaccine and decreases 25 times with subsequent OPV vaccinations. Such weakness does not occur in people who receive the polio vaccine. Injection type It is predicted that in the next 10-15 years, the use of the oral polio vaccine may be canceled. But the edible type may be used to spray carpets in the event of an outbreak of the polio virus.
Even though currently Thailand has not had a polio case for a long time. But the cVDPV2 strain of polio still contaminates the environment of neighboring Thailand. Therefore, caution should be taken to avoid exposure to polio. By maintaining strict hygiene It is recommended that all Thai children must receive the polio vaccine according to the vaccination schedule set out according to the formula 2 IPV + 3 OPV throughout the country, including those who have not received the injectable vaccine. or still not immune to the cVDPV2 strain because if vaccination coverage in vaccine-preventable diseases is lower than the specified threshold It may cause the disease to come back and spread once more.
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