2023-11-17 23:20:14
On Saturday, November 18th, the book of history records, among other things:
1738: The Peace of Vienna between Austria and France ends the War of the Polish Succession: the expelled King Stanislaus I Leszczyński is compensated with the Duchy of Lorraine, which after his death passes to his son-in-law, the French King Louis XV. Austria cedes Naples-Sicily to a Bourbon secondary geniture (division of inheritance that also takes second-born children into account) and receives Parma and Piacenza in return (until 1748). Franz Stephan of Lorraine, Maria Theresa’s husband and later emperor, received the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after the Medici died out.
1848: A congress of Westphalian Democrats meets in Münster. He calls on the German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main to intervene with Reich troops in Berlin.
1883: “Standard Time”, a time system divided into zones, is introduced for rail traffic in the USA. With the emergence of cross-border railway lines, a specific time was used for each route, which led to local time deviating from railway time. This made the design of travel plans very complicated, which is why they wanted to introduce a standard time, which was gradually adopted as local time in the United States. Hour zone time was introduced in Austria in 1891.
1903: Conclusion of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Isthmus Convention) between the USA and Panama for the construction of the canal between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.
1918: An independent democratic republic is proclaimed in Latvia (recognized by Soviet Russia and Germany in 1920).
1928: Walt Disney’s animated film “Steamboat Willie” premieres in New York. His character Mickey Mouse can also be heard for the first time.
1943: The novel “The Glass Bead Game” by Hermann Hesse is published in Zurich.
1943: Beginning of a series of British air raids on Berlin, claiming 2,700 lives and leaving around 250,000 people homeless.
1948: The Kingdom of Swaziland, a British protectorate, rejects integration into the Union of South Africa. (It becomes sovereign under King Sobhuza II in 1968).
1973: After bloodily suppressed student protests against the dictatorship, the Greek military junta under Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos imposes martial law on Athens, and tanks control the capital’s university district.
1978: In the jungles of Guyana, nearly 1,000 members of the fanatical California People’s Temple sect commit mass suicide on the orders of their leader Jim Jones. They drink lemonade poisoned with cyanide. Previously, US Congressman Leo Ryan and four companions were shot dead by members of the cult during an investigation attempt.
1978: Vienna’s mayor and governor Leopold Gratz (SPÖ) opens the central Stephansplatz subway station.
1983: Start of the ORF “sorrow number” on Ö3 for people who need help.
1988: SPÖ central secretary Heinrich Keller resigns because of a tax affair in the tenants’ association. This sparks a debate about disclosing politicians’ salaries.
1993: Opening of the Vienna Jewish Museum in the former palace of the banker Bernhard Freiherr von Eskeles (1753-1839), imperial financial advisor and co-founder of the National Bank, on Dorotheergasse.
1993: Ukraine is the last successor state to the USSR to ratify the Treaty on the Reduction of Strategic Nuclear Weapons, but its implementation is subject to numerous conditions.
1993: 200 years after its founding, the Louvre Museum in Paris has been expanded by 21,500 square meters. With the opening of the completely remodeled Richelieu Wing, the Louvre has become one of the largest museums in the world, along with the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Hermitage in St. Petersburg.
1993: Signing of an interim constitution, which for the first time guarantees the black majority of South Africa the same political rights as the white minority. This means that the era of racial separation is finally coming to an end in South Africa.
2003: US President George W. Bush arrives in Great Britain for a three-day state visit marred by protests against the Iraq war.
Birthdays: Gabriel de Lavergne Guilleragues, French writer (1628-1685); Helene Countess von Nostitz, German writer (1878-1944); Joris Ivens (aka Georg Henri Ivens), Dutch Film director, documentarian (1898-1989); Alex Joffé, French film director (1918-1995); Alan B. Shepard, US pilot; first US astronaut in space (1923-1998); Salvador Laurel, Philip. politician (1928-2004); Max Grießer, Eastern-German. actor (1928-2000); Karl Schranz, Eastern. alpine skier (1938); Owen Wilson, US actor and screenwriter (1968); Alina Pogostkina, German/Russian Violinist (1983).
Days of death: Alois Hába, Czech composer (1893-1973); Ivan Albright, US painter (1897-1983); Paul Bowles, US writer and composer (1910-1999); Lennie (Leonard Joseph) Tristano, US jazz musician (1919-1978); Michael Kamen, US composer (1948-2003).
Name days: Peter, Paul, Odo, Gerung, Roman, Cielasius, Leonhard, Maximus, Thomas, Philippina.
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