2023-10-31 23:42:09
On Wednesday, November 1st, the book of history records, among other things:
1783: Emperor Joseph II introduces German as the language of instruction in all Austrian universities. Previously, teaching was done in Latin.
1848: The English company “WH Smith & Son” opens the first train station bookstore in a chain of stores in Euston, for which it received a concession from the “London and North Western Railway”.
1858: British colonial troops put down an uprising by Indian auxiliary soldiers in Calcutta.
1858: Introduction of the “Gulden” as the sole Austrian national currency. The conversion ratio is 100 guilders convention coin to 105 guilders Austrian currency. With the replacement of the convention coin, the Vienna currency also loses its validity.
1868: The first women’s cycling race takes place in the Parc Bordelais in Bordeaux.
1918: The party conference of the Social Democrats in Vienna calls for a republican form of government.
1918: Emperor Charles I (as Hungarian King Charles IV) releases the Hungarian government formed the day before under Count Mihály Károlyi from its oath of loyalty.
1918: Serbian troops enter Belgrade.
1918: Mass meeting in front of the German Masters Monument in Vienna: Corporal Haller, the journalist Egon Erwin Kisch and the left-wing radical Leo Rothziegel found the “Red Guard”.
1918: In the naval port of Pola, Italian officers sank the Austro-Hungarian flagship “Viribus Unitis”, which had been handed over to the new South Slavic state the day before with the Austro-Hungarian Navy.
1928: The Latin alphabet is introduced in Turkey on the orders of President Ataturk.
1943: The singer Lale Andersen is temporarily banned from performing in Switzerland because of “unworthy correspondence with Jews”.
1948: As Athenagoras I, the Archbishop of North and South America, Aristocles Spyrou, who resides in New York, is elected Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and Head of World Orthodoxy. To enable him to take office in Istanbul, Ankara granted him Turkish citizenship.
1963: Military coup in South Vietnam: With the approval of the US secret service CIA, the Catholic dictator Ngô Đinh Diêm, who has ruled since 1955, is overthrown and murdered.
1968: Israeli commandos blow up two Nile bridges in Upper Egypt.
1968: Chinese President Liu Shaoqi, who was removed from power during the “Cultural Revolution”, is expelled from the Communist Party by a Central Committee decision.
1968: US President Lyndon B. Johnson orders a cessation of the bombing of North Vietnam to facilitate the peaceful resolution of the Vietnam War.
1993: The Maastricht Treaty establishing the European Union comes into force.
1998: Establishment of the single permanent European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg under Protocol No. 11 to the European Convention on Human Rights, which replaces the existing system.
2003: The Frenchman Jean-Claude Trichet will succeed the Dutchman Wim Duisenberg at the head of the European Central Bank (ECB).
2008: During Libya’s revolutionary leader Muammar al-Gaddafi’s first visit to Russia since the end of the Soviet Union, both countries agreed to strengthen cooperation, including on nuclear issues.
2008: The Austrian writer Josef Winkler receives the Georg Büchner Prize in Darmstadt.
Birthdays: Andreas Paul Weber, German draftsman (1893-1980); Victoria de los Ángeles, Spanish soprano (1923-2005); Helmut Moritz, Eastern Geodesy (1933-2022); Josef Riegler, Eastern Politician (1938); Reinhild Hoffmann, German choreographer (1943); Salvatore Adamo, Belgian pop singer (1943); Katja Riemann, German film actress (1963).
Days of death: George Lord Gordon, British politician (1751-1793); Nikolai Przhevalski, Russian general and Asian researcher (1839-1988); Elsa Maxwell, US journalist, was considered the “Queen of Gossip” (1883-1963); Anthony van Hoboken, Dutch. musicologist (1887-1983); Georgios Papandreou, Greek statesman (1888-1968); Severo Ochoa, US biochemist; Nobel Prize 1959 (1905-1993); Heinz Zahrnt, German Protestant theologian (1915-2003); Jacques Piccard, Black-French. deep sea explorer (1922-2008); Brigitte Neumeister, Austrian Actress (1944-2013).
Name days: Harald, Arthur, Wolfhold, Luitpold, Caesar, Sigurd, Nils, Rupert, Igor, Johannes, Nicholas.
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