NASA discovers that some asteroids have advanced early due to the sun

by Rani C. Gran, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
24 July 2022

This asteroid Bennu mosaic was created using observations by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, which has been in close proximity to the asteroid for more than two years. Credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

Recently, scholars from NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission He discovered that surface renewal occurs on asteroids much more rapidly than on Earth. By analyzing high-resolution images of rock fractures on the asteroid Bennu, taken by[{” attribute=””>OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, the researchers discovered that the Sun’s heat fractures rocks on Bennu in only 10,000 to 100,000 years. With the use of this knowledge, scientists will be able to better predict the time it takes boulders on asteroids like Bennu to fragment into smaller pieces, some of which may eject into space while others may remain on the asteroid’s surface.

Although tens of thousands of years might sound pretty slow, “we thought surface regeneration on asteroids took a few millions of years,” said Marco Delbo, senior scientist at Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France, and lead author of a paper published in June 2022 in the journal <span class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="

Nature Geoscience

<span class="st"> Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group that covers all aspects of the Earth sciences, including theoretical research, modeling, and fieldwork. Other related work is also published in fields that include atmospheric sciences, geology, geophysics, climatology, oceanography, paleontology, and space science. </span><span class="st">It was established in January 2008.
</span>

” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{” attribute=””>Nature Geoscience. “We were surprised to learn that the aging and weathering process on asteroids happens so quickly, geologically speaking.”

Although landslides, volcanoes, and earthquakes may abruptly alter the Earth’s surface, most changes occur gradually. Over millions of years, water, wind, and temperature changes slowly erode rock to create new surfaces. For instance, if you hiked into the Grand Canyon, you would see distinct rock layers; the top layers tend to be the youngest rocks, dating around 270 million years old, and the layers at the bottom of the canyon are the oldest, regarding 1.8 billion years old. The Colorado River has been chiseling away at rocks in the Grand Canyon for 5 million to 6 million years, according to the U.S. National Park Service.

The PolyCam aboard NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft provided high-resolution, microscope-like images of asteroid Bennu’s surface. This made it possible for researchers to map more than 1,500 rock fractures. Credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

Rapid temperature changes on asteroid Bennu create internal stress that fractures and breaks down rocks, comparable to how a cold glass breaks under hot water. On Bennu, the Sun rises every 4.3 hours. At the equator, daytime highs can reach almost 260°F (regarding 127°C), and nighttime lows plummet to nearly minus 10°F (regarding minus 23°C).

OSIRIS-REx scientists spotted cracks in the rocks in spacecraft images from the first surveys of the asteroid. All of the fractures seemed to point in the same direction, “a distinct signature that temperature shocks between the day and the night might be the cause,” said Delbo.

Same image as above, but with the fractures highlighted in red. Credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

Delbo and his colleagues measured the length and angles of more than 1,500 fractures in OSIRIS-REx images by hand: some shorter than a tennis racket, others longer than a tennis court. They found the fractures predominantly align in the northwest-southeast direction, indicating they were caused by the Sun, which is shown here to be the primary force changing Bennu’s landscape.

“We were surprised to learn that the aging and weathering process on asteroids happens so quickly, geologically speaking.” — Marco Delbo

“If landslides or impacts were moving boulders faster than the boulders were cracking, the fractures would point in random directions,” said Delbo.

The research team used a computer model and their fracture measurements to calculate the 10,000- to 100,000-year timeframe for thermal fractures to propagate and split rocks.

“The thermal fractures on Bennu are quite similar to what we find on Earth and on <span class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="

Mars

Mars is the second smallest planet in our solar system and the fourth planet from the sun. It is a dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin atmosphere. Iron oxide is prevalent in Mars' surface resulting in its reddish color and its nickname "The Red Planet." Mars' name comes from the Roman god of war.

” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{” attribute=””>Mars in terms of how they form,” said Christophe Matonti, a co-author of the paper at Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Géoazur, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France. “It is fascinating to see that they can exist and are similar in very ‘exotic’ physical conditions [low gravity, no atmosphere]even compared to Mars.”

Jason Dworkin, OSIRIS-REx Project Scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer) Will return a sample of Bennu to Earth on September 24, 2023. “We will be able to learn more details regarding the age of the surface when we are able to study the sample directly,” Dworkin said.

Reference: “Alignment of fractures on Bennu rocks indicative of rapid asteroid surface evolution” by Marco Delpo, Kevin J Walsh, Christoph Mattonti, Justin Wilkerson, Maurizio Pagola, Manar the Lion, Chrisa Avdelido, Ronald Lewis Blues, Karina A. Bennett, Harold C. Connolly Jr and Daniela Delagostina and Dathon R. natural earth sciences.
DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-00940-3