2024-07-30 22:00:00
Rainwater is one of the natural elements that is closest to a chemically pure body: it comes from evaporation, and is composed above the oceans of more than 99.99% water, H2O. Above land, and especially inhabited areas, pure water, an excellent solvent, becomes loaded with anthropogenic pollutants and bacteria. To the point that rainwater collected in a roof drain recovery tank must not be used for food.
Thus, the vast majority of compounds found in nature are mixtures. Separation methods are critical in chemistry to obtain pure compounds.
Separation methods are used to obtain large quantities of pure products. For example, metallurgy extracts the desired metal from an ore that contains little of it; or the petrochemical industry produces, from crude oils, the tons of different fuels needed for different modern vehicles. The chemical industry produces a wide variety of compounds, in quantities ranging from milligrams (pharmaceutical active ingredient) to thousands of tons (fuels, fertilizers, plastics, detergents), with processes that use separation methods on a very large scale. These methods are briefly listed in this article.
Other separation methods are designed to detect tiny amounts of a particular compound in different matrices: is this soil, this food, this air contaminated? Did this athlete take a compound to dope? Does the composition of this company’s product comply with the patent filed by this other company? Was arsenic given to Napoleon to hasten his death? Answering these questions requires advanced separation methods for complex mixtures. These methods are the subject of most of this article.
Since English is internationally accepted as the language of science, the English acronyms of the techniques described are most often used in French. This is the case in this article.
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