2023-07-24 22:34:27
Under Tuesday, July 25, the book of history records, among other things:
1593: France’s King Henry IV of Bourbon, formerly the head of the Huguenots, converts to Catholicism (“Paris vaut bien une messe”). The heir to the Kingdom of Navarre was following the assassination of his brother-in-law Henry III. and the French crown fell to the extinction of the House of Valois.
1698: Londoner Thomas Savery receives a patent for the steam engine he invented.
1828: Ignaz Bösendorfer receives the master craftsman’s certificate for the piano making trade and the citizen’s certificate of the city of Vienna. He then opened a piano factory in the eighth district of Vienna, Josefstadt.
1848: Field Marshal Josef Wenzel Count Radetzky defeats King Albert of Sardinia in the Battle of Custoza south of Lake Garda.
1938: The “Battle of the Ebro”, the last major offensive of the republican government during the “Spanish Civil War”, begins and ends on November 26 with a victory for Francisco Franco’s forces.
1938: With the expiry of the license to practice on 30.9. Jewish doctors are forbidden to work.
1938: After the death of his uncle Franz I, Franz Joseph II becomes the reigning prince of Liechtenstein.
1943: The Italian king Victor Emmanuel III. has Prime Minister Benito Mussolini arrested, who had previously been forced to resign by the “Great Fascist Council”.
1943: During the night, the Anglo-American Air Force begins the heaviest bombing raids in history on Hamburg. “Operation Gomorrah” will continue until August 3rd. carried out, by November around 34,000 dead were counted.
1948: Banknote exchange begins in the Soviet zone as part of the currency reform.
1963: The US, USSR and UK initial the nuclear test ban treaty.
1968: Pope Paul VI rejects concessions on birth control in his encyclical Humanae Vitae.
1978: The world’s first “test tube baby”, Louise Brown, is born in Oldham, England.
birthdays: Christoph Scheiner, German mathematician, physicist and astronomer (1573-1650); Arthur Balfour, English statesman (1848-1930); Ottokar Kernstock, Austria poet (1848-1928); Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (1883-1947); Gustav Stolper, Austria economic politician (1888-1947); Estelle Getty, US actress (1923-2008); Louise Brown, first human conceived by artificial insemination (1978).
days of death: Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (1853-1938); Ludwig Bölkow, German aircraft designer (1912-2003); John Schlesinger, British director (1926-2003); Walter De Maria, US sculptor (1935-2013); Bernadette Lafont, French actress (1938-2013); Sergio Marchionne, longtime boss of the car manufacturers Fiat Chrysler and Ferrari (1952-2018).
name days: Jakob, Thomas, Thea, Meinold, Urs, Gloria, Johannes, Valentina, Theodulf, Willibold.
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