2023-07-19 22:08:25
Under Thursday, July 20, the book of history records, among other things:
1498: Maximilian I founds the “Chapel Boys”, forerunners of the Choir Boys, and the court band in Vienna.
1858: Emperor Napoleon III. agreed with the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Count Camillo Cavour, at a secret meeting in Plombières, war against Austria, which partially occupied Italy. The goal is the establishment of an Italian confederation of states under the honorary presidency of the Pope. This provocation led to Austria declaring war on Sardinia-Piedmont the following year.
1933: Reprisals and pressure from the Nazi authorities and the press, which was brought into line, forced the self-dissolution of the “Bauhaus” in Berlin.
1933: Signing of the concordat between the Vatican and the Hitler government.
1943: On Sicily, the German occupying forces evacuate Enna and Caltanissetta.
1948: An Italian military court in Rome sentences former SS Obersturmbannfuhrer Herbert Kappler to life imprisonment. He had ordered the massacre in the Ardeatine Caves. On March 24, 1944, 335 people who had been randomly rounded up were killed by German occupying forces.
1953: In Switzerland, pilot television broadcasts from Zurich begin.
1958: Egypt breaks off diplomatic relations with Jordan.
1973: A Japanese airliner with 144 people on board is hijacked by Arab terrorists to the Middle East shortly after take-off from Amsterdam.
1988: The Atlanta convention of the Democratic Party nominated Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis as the candidate in the US presidential election (in which he should lose to Republican George Bush).
birthdays: Karl Frh. Hasenauer, Austria architect (1833-1894); Pavel Kohout, Czech writer (1928); Cormac McCarthy, US writer (1933-2023); Dame Diana Rigg, British actress (1938-2020); Natalie Wood, US actress (1938-1981); Haakon, Norway. Crown Prince (1973).
days of death: Pope Leo XIII (Vincenzo Pecci) (1810-1903); Joseph Keilberth, German conductor (1908-1968); Helen Thomas, US journalist (1920-2013); Alois Stacher, Austria politician (SPÖ) (1925-2013); Bruce Lee, US actor/martial artist (1940-1973).
name days: Margaret, Wilmar, Elizabeth, Bernhard, Albrecht, Lucanus, Leo-Ignace M., Greta, Margot, Margit, Marga.
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