2024-07-15 22:17:03
On Tuesday, July 16, the history books recorded:
1054: “Great Schism” (Separation between the Eastern and Western Churches): Papal legate Cardinal Humbert Silva Candida presented Pope Leo IX’s Bull of Excommunication. Confrontation once morest the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Keroullarios, on the main altar of Hagia Sophia. (It was not until 1965 that Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I lifted their mutual excommunication.)
1274: At the Second Ecumenical Council of Lyon, the election of the pope was conducted by the cardinals in strict isolation from the outside world, in what was known as a conclave.
1909: The deposed Shah of Persia, Muhammad Ali, left the country. He was succeeded by his 12-year-old son Ahmed Mirza, the last Qajar emperor (deposed in 1925).
1919: The Munich military court sentenced playwright and student Ernst Toller to five years in prison for treason.
1929: The German passenger ship “Bremen” began its maiden voyage, which was also the fastest crossing of the Atlantic to date (average speed of 27.83 knots).
1934: 12,000 American longshoremen go on strike in San Francisco.
1934: The Austrian Nazis held their final conference in Munich and hammered out the details of the planned coup in Vienna. The date for the overthrow of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß is July 24.
1944: Soviet troops recapture Grodno Fortress.
1949: In Belgium, party talks to finalize a referendum approach to King Leopold III’s return have failed. (His attitude following the German attack in 1940 caused heated debate among the population).
1949: Impressed by the Communist military victory, the Chinese Kuomintang formed a “National Assembly” under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and prepared to evacuate the government to the island of Taiwan (Formosa).
1959: The new ÖVP-SPÖ coalition government, led by Prime Minister Julius Raab and Deputy Prime Minister Bruno Pittermann, will be sworn in by Federal President Adolf Schärf nine weeks following the National Assembly elections Take office. Bruno Kreiski (SPÖ) will become the new Foreign Minister, succeeding Leopold Figl (ÖVP), who was elected President of the National Assembly.
1964: In the Milan South Tyrol bombing trial, 64 defendants were sentenced to long prison terms and 26 were acquitted.
1969: The American space shuttle “Apollo 11” took off from Cape Canaveral and sent humans to the moon for the first time.
1979: Iraqi President General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr resigned following eleven years in power. Saddam Hussein, 32, took over as chairman and leadership of the Baath Party.
Year 1999: John F. Kennedy Jr., son of the U.S. president and editor of the political magazine “George” who was assassinated in 1963, died in a plane crash along with his wife Caroline Bessette and his sister.
year 2004: The European Commission is suing Austria at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg for violating EU environmental law. The committee said Austria did not meet the requirements of the Birds and Habitats Directive. These two guidelines aim to protect endangered birds, animals and plants as well as certain habitats that are part of the Natura 2000 protected areas.
year 2004: A fire in southern India claimed the lives of 93 children. A boy and a girl were burnt to death following a school building caught fire due to a short circuit in a small town in Tamil Nadu.
Birthday: Adolf Lüderitz, German merchant and explorer (1834-1886); Erich Ledwinka, an Oriental. Automobile designer, “Father of All-Wheel Drive” (1904-1992); Leo Jozef Suenens, Cardinal of Belgium (1904-1996); Goffredo Petrassi, Italian composer (1904-2003); John “Teddy” Buckner, American Dixieland trumpeter (1909-1994); Aruna Asaf Ali, Indian freedom fighter (1909-1996); Jean- François Luba, black politician (1934-2004); Miguel Indurain, Spanish former cyclist (1964); Sahra Wagenknecht Wagenknecht, German politician (1969); Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer (1989).
Days to death: Andreas Gryphius (also known as Greve), German poet (1616-1664); Main de Bilan (also known as (Marie) François-Pierre Gontier Main de Bilan), French philosopher and statesman (1766-1824); Ellie Gagnebin, black. Geologist (1891-1949); Herbert von Karajan, Oriental. Conductor (1908-1989); Julian Seymour Schwinger, American physicist; 1965 Nobel Prize (1918-1994); Heinz Zemanek, Eastern computer pioneer (1920-2014) ; Billy Mo, jazz trumpeter and pop singer from Trinidad (1923-2004); Jonathan “White Zulu” Craig, British-African folk musician and anti-apartheid singer (1953-2019); Jr. John F. Kennedy, American publisher (1960-1999).
Name day: Carmen, Elvira, Maria V. Berg, Carmel, Imengard, Reynaldis, Reinhilde, Ruth, Monulf, Milo.
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