United Nations data indicate that 55% of the world’s population lives today in urban areas, and this percentage is expected to increase to 68% by 2050, i.e. a population increase of approximately 2.5 billion people. As cities continue to expand around the world and with limited resources available, rapid urbanization requires a new way of thinking that supports the transition to more sustainable, smarter, and green cities. In light of the above, the world is witnessing in our time a major shift towards smart cities, which are cities that have renewed the way we used to live for many centuries and have contributed to facing the challenges posed by the issue of urbanization. By adopting integrated and automated information and communication technology, smart cities aim to develop the functions of cities, enhance economic growth, achieve sustainability goals, and improve the quality of life for all. Read also: How does Egypt plan to establish dozens of smart cities to accommodate the expected population increase? Nanotechnology in smart cities In general, the idea of smart cities includes more efficient transportation systems with less impact on the environment, residential buildings that consume less energy, and the provision of better managed public services, such as gas, water and electricity. Currently, most cities around the world are located
