2023-05-14 22:00:00
Biometrics, which appeared in the 19e century, is involved in the technical developments of the 21ste century. According to the Petit Robert, biometrics is “the science which studies, using mathematics (statistics, probabilities), the biological variations within a given group”. To the question “What is biometrics?” », Actronix started from an observation: there are three means of identifying a person: possession (card, badge), knowledge (password), biometrics. This observation leads to a definition: “Biometrics allows the identification of a person on the basis of physiological characteristics or automatically recognizable and verifiable behavioral traits”.
The industry classifies biometric systems into two categories: morphological or physiological biometrics, and behavioral biometrics. Morphological biometrics distinguishes fingerprints, hand shape, face shape, retina and iris of the eye, earlobe contour, lip contour, etc. Behavioral biometrics identifies certain behaviors of a natural person such as the tracing of the signature, the imprint of the voice, the gait, the way of typing on a keyboard. The personal data regulatory authorities, such as the CNIL in France, take up these distinctions, to which they add blood analysis, odors and other elements, since research in biometrics is, in the 21ste century, well supported by companies, aided by software, with an excellent return on investment, a good rate of false rejections and false acceptances.
In addition, biometric data are also personal data, and sensitive data, since the General Data Protection Regulation, which entered into force in the European Union on May 25, 2018, and succeeding Directive 95/46 of 24 October 1995. The Data Protection Board and the national regulatory bodies must ensure that there is a principle of proportionality between the biometric technology chosen and the purpose pursued.
Biometric technologies, first developed in Europe and America, have spread to all states, particularly those in Asia.
The original purposes of biometric techniques were management (eg palm recognition for school canteens in the UK and France) and security. In the third decade of the XXIe century, the security objective is preeminent, as in the field of interceptions, essentially for geopolitical reasons.
The problem of this article aims to determine how and why this security purpose intervenes in travel documents, identity documents, on the one hand, on the other hand, banking applications, and finally facial recognition.
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