On July 13, 2024, Foreign Minister Wang Yi, a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, held a meeting with leaders of 14 Palestinian groups, including senior Hamas official Masa Abu Marzouk and Fatah envoy Mahmoud al-Aloul, to discuss the formation of a “provisional national reconciliation government” to govern Gaza after the war.
These important discussions followed more than nine months of conflict in Gaza, which began with Hamas attacks on southern Israel in October 2023. The attacks resulted in 1,197 reported deaths in Israel, predominantly civilians, and 251 people taken hostage by Hamas, of whom 116 remain in Gaza and 44 are deceased. In response, the Israeli military conducted strikes that have led to the deaths of over 39,000 Palestinians, the majority of whom are civilians, according to the health ministry operating under Hamas in Gaza.
Israel has made alarming statements indicating its intent to continue the conflict until Hamas is entirely eradicated, plunging Gaza into a severe humanitarian crisis. This conflict is complex, rooted in the longstanding rivalry between Hamas and Fatah, which intensified when Hamas fighters expelled Fatah from Gaza following its landslide victory in the 2006 elections, leading to violence. Since 2007, Hamas has governed Gaza, while Fatah, a secular group, retains influence in parts of the occupied West Bank. This friction persists to this day.
In light of the prolonged conflict, China has taken the initiative to provide a venue in Beijing for representatives of the 14 Palestinian factions to consider creating a unified governance system for Gaza post-war. This effort marks another instance of China’s involvement in seeking peace in the Middle East, a role that has yielded a notable degree of success.
At the conclusion of the meeting on July 23, 2024, Wang Yi noted that the Palestinian delegation was committed to “reconciliation,” emphasizing that the paramount objective was to reach “an agreement to establish a temporary national reconciliation government to lead Gaza after the war.”
“Reconciliation is an internal issue for the Palestinian factions; however, it cannot be achieved without the backing of the international community,” he stated.
On the same day, Wang Yi attended the closing ceremony of the Inter-Palestinian Reconciliation Dialogue and witnessed the signing of the Beijing Declaration on Ending Division and Strengthening Palestinian National Unity.
This led the Chinese government to advocate for a comprehensive, permanent, and lasting ceasefire, to advance Palestinian autonomy, and to seek full recognition of the State of Palestine by the United Nations.
Nonetheless, the Beijing Declaration to establish a “transitional national reconciliation government” for Gaza raises questions about its long-term viability. Although the agreement, signed by 14 Palestinian political groups, aims to build consensus for a future political institution, the existing conflict between Fatah, based in the West Bank, and Hamas in Gaza, continues to pose significant challenges. Historically, Palestinian factions have struggled to achieve reconciliation, casting doubt on the success of this Chinese initiative and questioning whether China’s role will truly be that of a mediator or merely a facilitator.
Crucially, it must be noted that Israel steadfastly opposes any future role for Hamas, a key impediment to achieving peace. The stronger Israel’s connection is perceived to be with the United States, the more complex China’s initiative will become, particularly regarding the implications for international perceptions of peace between the two superpowers.
However, in terms of China’s position on the international stage in promoting global peace, it is evident that China has consistently defined its stance and role. For instance, on November 29, 2023, during a United Nations conference commemorating the “International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People”, Chinese President Xi Jinping sent a congratulatory message, stating:
The Palestinian issue constitutes a significant challenge in the Middle East, intertwined with global justice. The international community must take immediate action, and the UN Security Council should fulfill its responsibilities to facilitate a ceasefire, safeguard civilians from a humanitarian disaster, and resume peace negotiations between Palestinians and Israelis as quickly as possible, working towards the Palestinian people’s right to statehood, survival, and return.
China has consistently supported the Palestinian people’s pursuit of their legitimate rights, emphasizing the need for protection of Palestine’s economic and livelihood requirements, while urging increased international development and humanitarian assistance for the region.
“We must guide our efforts in the correct direction towards peace negotiations and hold a credible international peace conference promptly. China will stand for justice and fairness regarding the Palestinian issue, actively promoting peace and negotiations, while providing humanitarian and development support for Palestine. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China will collaborate with the international community to build consensus in favor of fostering global peace and reinstate the Palestinian issue on the right path of the ‘two-state plan’ for a comprehensive, equitable, and enduring resolution,” President Xi stated.
Consequently, during the International Court of Justice’s hearing concerning the Israeli occupation of Palestine on February 22, 2024, a Chinese representative delivered a statement offering advisory opinions on the situation, asserting that China supports reclaiming the legitimate rights and interests of the Palestinian people.
It is also important to recognize that resolving the Palestinian issue necessitates cooperative efforts from both Palestine and Israel. This marks China’s second involvement in the advisory process with the International Court of Justice over the past 15 years, following its earlier advisory opinion regarding Kosovo’s independence in 2009.
In a related instance, on April 30, 2024, Mr. Lin Jian, spokesperson for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, led a press conference addressing questions about the discussions between Fatah and Hamas in Beijing related to intra-Palestinian reconciliation. He stated that at China’s invitation, representatives from both groups convened in Beijing to pursue intra-Palestinian reconciliation. Both parties exhibited strong political willingness to achieve reconciliation through discussions and consultations, addressed various specific issues, made positive strides, and agreed to continue the negotiation process with the aim of achieving unity among the Palestinian factions swiftly.
Another crucial aspect of China’s position regarding Palestine was highlighted on May 10, 2024, during the 10th special session of the United Nations General Assembly, where a resolution was passed by a vote of 143 in favor, 9 against, and 25 abstaining. This resolution affirmed that Palestine is fully qualified to apply for UN membership as per the UN Charter and requested the Security Council to reassess Palestine’s application. China voted in support of the resolution and contributed to its proposal.
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin remarked that independence embodies a longstanding aspiration of the Palestinian people, and formal accession to the United Nations represents a significant milestone in their historical journey. Supporting and advancing the Palestinian independence process is essential for implementing the “two-state plan” and achieving lasting peace in the Middle East, responding to urgent calls from the international community and the shared responsibilities of all parties involved.
“The Palestinian people possess the right to self-determination, which includes independence. We affirm Palestine’s right to be a full member of the United Nations. We hope that Palestine will soon become a formal UN member, enjoying the same complete and equal rights as other member states.”
Therefore, China’s engagement in maintaining peace and stability in the Middle East is viewed as an exceptionally significant step by the international community.
By Mr. Phuwanat Na Songkhla
Advisor to the Subcommittee on Border and Cross-Border Trade in Southern China, Thai Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade of Thailand
Managing Editor, Bangkok Wealth & Biz News Agency and Bangkok Today News Agency
China’s Role in Palestinian Reconciliation: Navigating Complexities and Future Prospects
Recent Developments in Palestinian Governance
On July 13, 2024, Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China hosted leaders from 14 Palestinian factions, including notable figures from Hamas and Fatah. The core agenda was to discuss the formation of a “provisional national reconciliation government” tasked with governing Gaza post-conflict.
The Context of the Gaza Conflict
The meeting follows over nine months of intense conflict in Gaza, ignited by Hamas-led attacks on southern Israel in October 2023. The repercussions have been devastating, with nearly 1,200 Israeli deaths and a chilling toll of over 39,000 Palestinian fatalities, primarily civilians, according to the Hamas-operated Gaza Health Ministry.
The Implications of Chinese Mediation
Given the complexity of the Palestinian political landscape, characterized by long-standing animosities between Hamas and Fatah, China’s initiative to facilitate this dialogue is significant. The outcome of this mediation effort could pave the way for a unified Palestinian governance structure, a goal that has eluded faction leaders for years.
Key Takeaways from the Talks
- Commitment from Palestinian factions towards reconciliation.
- Formation of a temporary national reconciliation government is a priority.
- The necessity of international support for internal reconciliation efforts.
The Beijing Declaration: A Step Forward?
At the conclusion of the meeting on July 23, 2024, Wang Yi exclaimed that the Palestinian delegation showed a strong commitment to reconciliation, culminating in the signing of the Beijing Declaration on Ending Division and Strengthening Palestinian National Unity.
Challenges Ahead
Despite these diplomatic strides, the effectiveness of the Beijing Declaration remains debatable. With historical conflicts mount between the governing bodies in Gaza and the West Bank, realizing the agreed-upon frameworks will require overcoming entrenched political divisions.
China’s Diplomatic Approach to the Middle East
China’s endeavors to mediate in the Israeli-Palestinian crisis are not new. The global perception of China’s role oscillates between that of a proactive mediator and a mere facilitator of dialogue, especially in light of the geopolitical dynamics with the United States, a staunch ally of Israel.
International Support for Palestine
China calls for an end to hostilities in Gaza and emphasizes the need for international recognition of Palestinian autonomy. A pivotal moment occurred during the November 29, 2023, UN conference where President Xi Jinping underscored a collective call for humanitarian aid and lasting peace negotiations.
The Role of the United Nations
China’s position within the UN Security Council complements its peace-building initiatives. By advocating for Palestinian statehood and voicing support for the two-state solution, China aims to bolster its influence while addressing a vital humanitarian crisis.
Key UN Resolutions on Palestine
| Date | Resolution/Action | Outcome/Significance |
|---|---|---|
| November 29, 2023 | UN Conference on Solidarity with Palestinian People | Consolidated international support for Palestinian rights |
| February 22, 2024 | International Court of Justice Hearing | Endorsed Palestinian rights to self-determination |
| May 10, 2024 | United Nations General Assembly Resolution | Affirmed Palestine’s eligibility for UN membership |
Potential Outcomes of Reconciliation Efforts
The aspiration for Palestinian unity presents several potential advantages:
- Stabilization of Gaza: A unified government may streamline governance and aid distribution.
- Increased International Support: A cohesive Palestinian stance may attract more comprehensive support from the international community.
- Enhanced Negotiation Position: A united Palestinian front could enhance its leverage in peace negotiations.
Challenges to Palestinian Unity
Despite the prospects, numerous challenges persist, including:
- Long-standing Rivalries: The historical rivalry between Hamas and Fatah complicates efforts toward unification.
- External Pressures: The US-Israel relationship poses significant challenges to achieving Palestinian aspirations.
- Humanitarian Crises: Ongoing humanitarian struggles may hinder diplomatic progress.
China’s Continued Engagement in the Region
As discussions continue, China’s ongoing role as a mediator could redefine its diplomatic positioning in the Middle East. China’s commitment to supporting Palestinian independence and humanitarian needs reflects its broader goals of expanding influence through soft power diplomacy.
Future Prospects: A Comprehensive Plan for Peace
Looking ahead, the necessity for a comprehensive peace strategy incorporating all stakeholders—both Palestinian and Israeli—is essential for lasting peace. Such a strategy should focus on mutual recognition, compassion, and a serious commitment to addressing each party’s grievances.
Conclusion: The Quest for Stability
In an era where global peace is increasingly contested, China’s diplomacy in the Middle East reflects the shifting paradigms of international relations. As the world watches the unfolding events in Gaza and beyond, the potential for successful reconciliation among Palestinian factions symbolizes a crucial step toward stability in the region.
By Mr. Phuwanat Na Songkhla
Advisor to the Subcommittee on Border and Cross-Border Trade in Southern China, Thai Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade of Thailand
Managing Editor, Bangkok Wealth & Biz News Agency and Bangkok Today News Agency