It is assumed that there are two possible ways for rogue planets to form. In the first scenario, an object is formed from a protoplanetary disk and then ejected from its home system due to interaction with a binary star, neighboring planets, or when another star passes by the system. In the second scenario, they can arise through the direct collapse of a clump of matter in a cloud of gas and dust.
In a new paper, astronomers studied the fate of circumbinary planets in binary star systems using simulations. It turns out that binary systems are effective sources of rogue planets. In simulations lasting 10 million years, each binary system ejects an average of two to seven planets with a mass greater than one Earth mass. For giant planets with masses greater than 100 Earth masses, the number of ejected planets drops to 0.6 ejected planets per system.
In addition, significant differences were found between rogues ejected by interactions between planets and rogues ejected by binary stars. The velocity dispersion of planets ejected from interactions with binary stars is about three times greater than the dispersion of planets ejected from gravitational scattering between planets.
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2024-04-06 03:30:49