Anthrax: A Persistent Threat in Europe
Despite its rarity, anthrax continues to pose a risk in europe, as evidenced by recent outbreaks and case reports. data from the european Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reveals a concerning trend. Between 2018 and 2021, the EU/EEA reported just 11 confirmed anthrax cases. Tho, 2022 brought a sharp increase, with Croatia reporting seventeen cases (eight confirmed and nine probable), Romania reporting three, and Spain reporting two.
Alarmingly, the outbreak in Croatia was linked to a important anthrax infection in cattle, highlighting the potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the confirmed cases with available data, all four presented with cutaneous anthrax,a skin infection,after exposure to farm animals. The transmission in these cases was domestically acquired.
The ECDC, in a statement on january 22, 2025, emphasized that anthrax is caused by spore-forming bacteria and is not contagious from person to person. This underscores the importance of understanding the disease’s transmission routes and identifying at-risk populations.
Those working closely with animals and perhaps contaminated animal products face the highest risk. Similarly,individuals residing in areas with a history of anthrax infection are also vulnerable.
To mitigate these risks, the ECDC recommends vaccination for individuals at high risk, such as veterinarians, abattoir workers, those handling animal hides or furs, laboratory personnel, and armed forces members deployed in areas with a high risk of exposure.the vaccine is available in some EU/EEA countries and is considered effective in preventing the disease. Furthermore, the vaccine is also recommended for post-exposure prophylaxis.
In the United States,the FDA has approved the anthrax vaccine (CYFENDUS™ by Emergent BioSolutions) for most adults at risk of anthrax exposure and for unvaccinated individuals exposed to the bacteria.The recommended regimen for post-exposure prophylaxis involves three doses of the vaccine, administered alongside antibiotic treatment.
It’s important to note that anthrax vaccines are not readily available at typical pharmacies in the United States.
What specific preventive measures can individuals at high risk of anthrax exposure take, besides vaccination?
Anthrax: Understanding the Risks in Europe
Anthrax, a rare but serious infection, continues to pose a threat in Europe. Recently, there’s been a concerning rise in cases, prompting experts to highlight the importance of understanding the disease and taking preventive measures. Joining us today is Dr. Emilia Rossi, a leading infectious disease specialist at the european Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).
Archyde: Dr. Rossi, thank you for taking the time to speak with us. Could you provide some insight into the recent surge in anthrax cases reported across Europe?
Dr. Rossi: Certainly. While anthrax is relatively uncommon, we’ve seen a concerning increase in cases, notably in 2022. Croatia, Romania, and Spain reported a significant number of cases, highlighting a potential resurgence of the disease in certain regions.
Archyde: These recent outbreaks seem linked to animal infections. Could you elaborate on the zoonotic transmission aspect of anthrax?
Dr. Rossi: absolutely. Anthrax primarily affects animals, particularly herbivores. When animals become infected, they shed spores that can contaminate soil and environments. Humans can contract anthrax through contact with infected animals, animal products, or contaminated soil. A majority of the recent cases, particularly in Croatia, involved cutaneous anthrax, which is a skin infection resulting from direct exposure to infected animals.
Archyde: Given the nature of transmission, who should be particularly aware of the risks associated with anthrax?
Dr. Rossi: Individuals working closely with animals, especially livestock, veterinarians, farmers, and those handling animal products like hides or furs, are at a higher risk. People residing in areas with a history of anthrax infection in animals should also remain vigilant.
Archyde: Are there effective ways to prevent anthrax infection?
Dr. Rossi: Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing anthrax. While it’s not readily available in all pharmacies, it’s recommended for individuals at high risk, such as veterinarians, laboratory personnel, and military personnel deployed to areas with potential anthrax exposure. Vaccination is also recommended for individuals exposed to anthrax.
archyde: Considering the increasing number of cases,what message would you like to convey to the European public?
Dr.Rossi: While anthrax remains relatively rare,it’s essential to raise awareness about its risks and preventive measures. Understanding transmission routes, identifying vulnerable populations, and seeking prompt medical attention if you suspect exposure are crucial steps. Additionally, adhering to proper hygiene practices, especially when handling animals or animal products, can substantially reduce the risk of infection. Remember, knowledge empowers us to protect ourselves and our communities.
Thank you, Dr. Rossi,for shedding light on this vital public health issue.
