A thick layer of toxic smog now blankets large parts of India and Pakistan, as air quality continues to deteriorate dangerously across the region, posing significant health risks to millions.
Nasa recently released satellite images revealing the extensive reach of the pollution, which stretches across the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plain, heavily burdening urban centers and rural areas alike. This annual environmental crisis is exacerbated by a troubling combination of farm fires, vehicle emissions, and industrial pollution, creating a perfect storm for air quality deterioration.
In Punjab, farm fires have alarmingly crossed the 7,000 mark, with 418 new cases reported just on Monday alone, underscoring the escalating challenge of managing agricultural practices. These fires, often ignited to clear away crop residue after harvest, have contributed significantly to “poor” air quality levels in many areas, while Chandigarh’s Air Quality Index (AQI) shockingly reached the “very poor” category, signaling urgent public health concerns.
In response, Pakistani authorities have swiftly implemented emergency measures, including school closures, partial lockdowns, and temporary halts to construction activities in an effort to mitigate the escalating health risks posed by the smog. These actions reflect the seriousness with which officials are treating the public health crisis.
The smog’s impact is particularly severe in Pakistan’s Lahore, where residents are grappling with the compounded effects of air pollution. (Photo: Nasa)
The region’s worsening air quality is not solely a result of crop burning; other significant contributors have been identified. According to Nasa scientist Pawan Gupta, the dust from the Thar Desert combined with urban pollution sources, including vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions, are critical factors in the air quality crisis.
The geography of the Indo-Gangetic Plain worsens the situation, as temperature inversions common in winter trap harmful pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the dangerous air quality. Hemmed in by the formidable Himalayas to the north and the Vindhya Range to the south, pollutants remain trapped, creating a persistent toxic air bubble over the region that is difficult to escape.
Experts warn the worst is likely still to come, raising alarms for health officials and citizens alike. Hiren Jethva, a senior Nasa research scientist, projects between 15,500 and 18,500 farm fires this year, based on meticulously analyzed vegetation data, which would significantly worsen the air quality crisis.
While not as severe as record years in 2016 and 2021, this year’s figures are alarmingly among the highest recorded since 2002, indicating a troubling trend that demands immediate attention.
UNICEF on Monday urgently urged action to reduce pollution levels and protect children’s health, noting that over 11 million children under five in Punjab are at grave risk from the toxic air that envelops the region.
Additionally, the Supreme Court of India has directed the Delhi government to decide by November 25 on a potential permanent ban on firecrackers, as pollution levels continue to surge, echoing the critical need for sustainable solutions.
Published By:
Sibu Kumar Tripathi
Published On:
Nov 12, 2024
**Interview with Dr. Amina Khan, Environmental Scientist**
**Editor:** Thank you for joining us today, Dr. Khan. The recent reports highlight a serious smog crisis in India and Pakistan. Can you explain the primary causes behind this environmental disaster?
**Dr. Khan:** Thank you for having me. The current smog crisis is attributed to a combination of factors. The burning of crop residue, particularly in Punjab, plays a significant role, as farmers often resort to this practice to clear fields after harvesting. In recent reports, we’ve seen over 7,000 instances of farm fires. Furthermore, vehicle emissions and industrial pollution also contribute substantially to the toxic smog enveloping the region. All these elements create a perfect storm, especially during this time of year when weather conditions tend to trap pollutants.
**Editor:** We’ve seen satellite images from NASA illustrating the extent of the pollution. How severe is the situation in urban centers like Lahore?
**Dr. Khan:** The situation in Lahore is particularly concerning. The city has been hit hard by air quality deterioration, and its recent AQI levels have reached “very poor” ratings. This means that the air is not only dangerous for vulnerable populations—such as children and the elderly—but for everyone. Prolonged exposure could lead to serious health issues, including respiratory problems and cardiovascular diseases.
**Editor:** In response to the crisis, Pakistani authorities have implemented emergency measures. Do you believe these actions are sufficient?
**Dr. Khan:** While the emergency measures—like school closures and halts on construction—are important steps in safeguarding public health, they are reactive rather than proactive. Sustainable solutions must include stricter regulations on pollution, promoting cleaner agricultural practices, and transitioning to renewable energy sources. Long-term management strategies are crucial to prevent these crises from becoming a yearly occurrence.
**Editor:** It sounds like a multifaceted approach is necessary. What can individuals do to help improve air quality in their own communities?
**Dr. Khan:** Individuals can make a difference in several ways. Reducing vehicle use by carpooling, cycling, or using public transport can help decrease emissions. Engaging in community awareness programs about the dangers of burning crop residue and advocating for better practices among farmers are also effective. Additionally, supporting local policies aimed at reducing pollution can amplify these efforts.
**Editor:** Thank you, Dr. Khan, for your insights on this urgent environmental issue. It’s clear we must all work together to foster healthier air conditions in our region.
**Dr. Khan:** Thank you for shedding light on this critical topic. The more we discuss and address these issues, the better chance we have at improving air quality for future generations.
