2023-10-03 18:58:15
Department of Physics, Cusat.
2023 Nobel Prize in Physics in America Pierre Agostini (Ohio State University), Ferenc Krause (Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Ludvik Max Million University) in Germany, Sweden Anne Luley (Lund University) and are Ann Lully is the fifth woman in the history of Physics Nobel Awards to win the prize.
The award is for experiments that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.
The award is for very simple but very useful experimental physics. Anyone with access to a femtosecond (10^-15 second) laser would probably be able to perform such experiments. But understanding this process properly, measuring the pulse and realizing how short the pulse duration is is not easy at all. Furthermore, the potential implications of this discovery for materials science are enormous. No other man-made process has such a short duration! It is a fact that molecular vibrations occur on timescales of femtoseconds or longer, lattice vibrations are longer than picoseconds (10^-12 s), and thermal effects are longer than nanoseconds (10^-9 s). But electronic processes occur in atoms and molecules on the attosecond (10^-18 s) time scale. Attosecond pulses can image electronic motion in real time. Now with this important discovery, charge transfer in molecular reactions, charge transfer processes in solar cells, etc. can be imaged in real time.
It can be compared to the high-speed photography we are familiar with. We know that cameras need fast shutter speeds (milliseconds ie 1/1000th of a second) to capture fast movements in sports photography because the athlete is moving so fast. To capture the movement of a bullet we need an even faster shutter speed. Electrons around atoms move so fast that we need a shutter speed on the atomic time scale (regarding 24 attoseconds, or 24/1000 000 000 000 000 000 seconds) to observe that process. A laser with a pulse duration of a few femtoseconds (1 fs = 1/1000 000 000 000 000 second)
Anne Luley produced such short pulses in the laboratory by focusing them into a gas jet. Pierre Agostini and Ferenc Krause measured pulse duration and used it for materials science applications.
This process among laser researchers High Harmonic Generation (HHG) is known as In some crystals we have a fourth with an infrared laser of femtoseconds duration Harmonics (Overtones) Can create up to But even higher harmonics use the motion of electrons in atoms at higher laser intensities. The wavelength shifts to the soft x-rays region, and the pulse duration goes to attoseconds. The beam of soft X-rays has all the properties of a laser, such as coherence, directionality, etc., so the intensity of the pulse is higher. These are discoveries that have great potential in the future.
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