2023-09-19 22:00:00
In the current energy context, focused mainly on sustainable development, hydrogen is highly publicized because its use has no impact on the carbon footprint if it is green and its combustion with oxygen only produces hydrogen. ‘water. In addition, as an energy vector, it allows massive storage of energy over long periods of time which can be used for multiple systems such as mobility, heat or even industrial processes. It also turns out to be entirely appropriate to compensate, in this case, for the intermittency of renewable energies.
Hydrogen being an energy vector, it is therefore essential, in relation to the current economic and environmental contexts, to produce and especially to distribute green hydrogen at a “reasonable” cost, that is to say competitive with the current market of fossil fuels. In addition to this production and distribution issue, the hydrogen produced can be used for mobile or stationary applications using fuel cells or by direct combustion. However, its use essentially depends on its storage which currently represents a crucial problem, whether for mobility or stationary. This storage problem is, in the same way as the technical-economic problems inherent in production and use, at the heart of the Hydrogen recovery plan and is an integral part of the hydrogen priority research program and equipment (PEPR). decarbonized programmed for the decade 2020-2030.
Currently, means of chemical storage in the form of organic liquids (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers, LOHC) are used for transport over long distances or storage techniques in salt caverns are used for mass storage (several million Cubic meters). However, the most widely used storage techniques are storage in the liquid state at very low temperature and storage under high pressure. Liquid hydrogen, under 20 K, has a density of 71 kg·m–3 which gives it very interesting volume storage properties, especially in restricted environments. High-pressure gas storage is currently the technique chosen for automobile mobility because this means allows 5 kg of hydrogen to be stored in a volume of 210 L at 35 MPa or in a volume of 125 L at 70 MPa. However, these temperature and pressure conditions are extreme (20 K for storage in the liquid state or 70 MPa for gas storage under pressure) and an alternative mode of storing hydrogen at moderate temperature and pressure must be developed. . This problem is of major interest because these extreme conditions of temperature or pressure represent several important obstacles (at the economic, safety, ease of implementation and use levels) for the deployment of the hydrogen sector. An alternative means of storage at moderate pressure and temperature must therefore be considered. Faced with this, solid storage, by absorption in hydride materials or by adsorption in porous materials, represents a promising alternative. However, progress in fundamental research is still necessary to better understand the potential of this technique.
In this article, the different solid storage techniques will be presented using concrete examples. Their performance and operating conditions will then be compared to other storage technologies and the technical-economic constraints will then be highlighted. It should be noted that only the most relevant results in terms of hydrogen storage will be presented and consequently, the list of referenced works will not be exhaustive.
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