2023-07-31 22:52:21
1778: The Hamburg “Patriotic Society” founds the “Ersparungs-Casse” of the general welfare institution, which is considered the first savings bank in the world.
1798: Admiral Nelson destroys the French fleet off Abukir.
1863: The Bayer Leverkusen plant starts production.
1943: Japanese-occupied Burma proclaims independence and declares war on Britain and the United States.
1973: The European Space Conference decides to form the European Space Agency ESA instead of the previous organizations ESRO and ELDO.
1978: Greek heiress Christina Onassis marries Soviet citizen Sergei Kausow for the third time in Moscow. The marriage is later divorced.
1988: US Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci becomes the first Pentagon chief to arrive in the Soviet Union for a four-day visit.
1998: The much-discussed spelling reform comes into force. New rules are binding for schools and offices in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. The media, publishers, authors, companies and private individuals, on the other hand, are free to decide whether they want to adopt the reform. Until the year 2005, old and new orthography are on an equal footing.
2003: The new Shop Opening Hours Act comes into force. The law allows open shops between Monday 5am and Saturday 6pm.
2008: The inheritance or gift tax will be abolished.
2008: In Austria and South Tyrol, the new official German spelling rules come into force. This is the end of the “grace period” that has been running since 2006. In Switzerland and Liechtenstein, the transitional period ends on July 31, 2009.
2013: The Roman Court of Cassation upheld the four-year prison sentence once morest former Prime Minister Berlusconi for tax fraud. This is the first time that Berlusconi has been legally convicted following countless trials. The decision on an associated five-year ban on holding public office is postponed. Despite this, the government is staggering into the next crisis, as Berlusconi’s party is threatening to pull out of the coalition if their boss is not pardoned.
2018: The 140 km/h pilot test begins on two three-lane sections of the Westautobahn (A1) in Lower Austria and Upper Austria. Transport Minister Norbert Hofer (FPÖ) and Asfinag draw a positive interim balance in November and want to define further test routes.
birthdays: Harry Fuss, Austria actor (1913-1996); Artur Brauner, German film producer (1918-2019); Wendelin Ettmayer, Austria politician (1943); Coolio, US rapper (1963-2022).
days of death: Richard Savage, English poet (1697-1743); Lesja Ukrajinka, Russian poet (1871-1913); Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (1882-1973); Walter Ulbricht, GDR politician (1893-1973); Alfred Manessier, French painter and graphic artist (1911-1993); Eva Bartok (actually Szőke), Hungarian actress (1929-1998); Marie Trintignant, French actress (1962-2003).
name days: Alfons, Rigobert, Petrus, Julian, Pius.
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