2023-07-15 22:24:04
Under Sunday, July 16, the book of history records, among other things:
1338: After the conflict between Louis IV, the Bavarian, and John XXII, who resided in Avignon. the electors in the Rhenser Kurverein declare that the election of the king does not require papal approval. (This decision is confirmed in the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV in 1356.)
1563: Maximilian, King of Bohemia, is crowned in Preßburg as successor to his father Ferdinand I as King of Hungary and Croatia (until 1572). On July 25, 1564, following the death of his father, he became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1576) as Maximilian II.
1903: An international currency conference begins in Berlin, at which the delegates decide to set a constant currency ratio between the silver and gold currency countries.
1903: The Prussian War Minister Heinrich von Gossler announces his resignation on August 15 because of “tiredness from office”. Gossler is accused of irregularities and arbitrariness. He himself declares that he never acted without an order from higher authorities.
1913: The Bulgarian Prime Minister Stoyan P. Danew resigns in view of the military defeats in the Second Balkan War. His successor, Vasil Radoslavov, pursues a more moderate policy on the Balkans.
1918: In his place of exile near Yekaterinburg, the Russian ex-Tsar Nicholas II is shot dead with his family, his personal physician and several servants by a Bolshevik firing squad.
1923: Air traffic between Munich and Budapest, with a stopover in Vienna, is opened.
1938: The film “Blockade” by Wilhelm Dieterle with Henry Fonda and Madeleine Carroll has its premiere in New York.
1943: Roosevelt and Churchill issue a joint appeal to the Italian people, stating: “The only hope of Italy’s survival lies in her honorable surrender”. (On July 25 Mussolini is deposed and arrested).
1943: In a letter addressed to Hitler, the Protestant theologian and Bishop of Württemberg Theophil Wurm protested once morest mass killings in Nazi death camps. He is accused of “high treason” because of his submission.
1948: The Soviet military court in Berlin sentences 18 former guards at the Ravensbrück concentration camp to life imprisonment or many years in prison.
1953: The so-called “Notting Hill Strangler”, John Reginald Christie, is executed in London.
1958: First violation of Austria’s neutrality: US Air Force transport planes bound for Lebanon overfly the west of the country and violate Austria’s air sovereignty.
1968: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia dissolves its Central Committee.
1973: In the Watergate affair, a witness testified for the first time that US President Richard Nixon had all telephone calls and conversations in his office in the White House recorded on tape.
1973: Jordan’s King Hussein II announces the death penalty for selling land to Israelis in the West Bank.
1973: The Soviet Union and China announce the conclusion of an aviation agreement. This allows direct flights between Moscow and Beijing for the first time.
1983: At the CSU party conference in Munich, Franz Josef Strauss is re-elected as party chairman with 77 percent of the votes. It is the worst result of his 22-year tenure.
1983: Reopening of the Piber Lipizzaner Stud in Styria, where eight mares and 31 foals from the Spanish Riding School had fallen victim to a virus epidemic since February.
1998: Dutch police crack down on one of the world’s largest child porn rings.
1998: Archaeologists find nine shipwrecks from the Thirty Years’ War in a branch of the Schlei in Schleswig.
2003: For the first time, US Commander-in-Chief General John Abizaid speaks of a guerrilla war in view of the incessant attacks on US troops in Iraq.
birthdays: Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (1723-1792); Franz Nabl, Austria writer (1883-1974); Frits Zernike, Dutch Physicist; Nobel Prize 1953 (1888-1966); Peter van Eyck, German-American. actor (1913-1969); Hans Lechner, Austria politician (1913-1994); Reginald Prentice, British politician (1923-2001); Frank Hoffmann, German-Austrian actor (1938-2022); Heinz Nussbaumer, Austria publicist (1943); Pinchas Zukerman, Israel. violin virtuoso and conductor (1948); Lawrence “Larry” Mark Sanger, US philosopher and entrepreneur; 2001 co-founder of the free encyclopedia “Wikipedia” with Jimmy Wales (1968).
days of death: Antonio Ghislanzoni, ital. singer (1824-1893); Nicholas II, the last Russian. Tsar (1868-1918); Jaroslav Krombholc, Czech. conductor (1918-1983); Jacques Plante, French song lyrics (1920-2003); Celia Cruz, Cuban. singer (1925-2003); Carol Shields, Canada. Author (1935-2003).
name days: Carmen, Elvira, Maria v. Berg, Karmel, Irmengard, Reinaldis, Reinhilde, Ruth, Monulf, Milo.
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