Confirmed impact: a NASA spacecraft deliberately crashed on an asteroid on Monday in order to deviate its trajectory, during an unprecedented test mission. This must allow humanity to learn how to protect itself from a potential future threat.
The vessel, smaller than a car, rushed at a speed of more than 20,000 km / h on its target, reached at the scheduled time (01:14 in Switzerland). The NASA teams, gathered at the mission control center in Maryland, in the United States, exploded with joy at the moment of the collision.
A few minutes before, the asteroid Dimorphos, located regarding 11 million kilometers from Earth, has gradually grown on the spectacular images broadcast live by the ship. We might clearly distinguish the pebbles on its gray surface, just before the images stop at the moment of the explosion.
“We have embarked on a new era, where we potentially have the ability to protect ourselves from a dangerous asteroid impact,” said Lori Glaze, director of planetary sciences at NASA.
“Planetary Defense”
Dimorphos is regarding 160 meters in diameter and poses no danger to our planet. It is actually the satellite of a larger asteroid, Didymos, which it has so far circumnavigated in 11 hours and 55 minutes. NASA seeks to reduce the orbit of Dimorphos by 10 minutes, that is to say to bring it closer to Didymos.
It will take a few days to a few weeks before scientists can confirm that the trajectory of the asteroid has indeed been altered. They will do this thanks to telescopes on Earth, which will observe the variation in brightness as the small asteroid passes in front and behind the large one.
If the goal remains modest compared to the disaster scenarios of science fiction films like “Armageddon”, this “planetary defense” mission, named Dart (dart, in English), is the first to test such a technique. It allows NASA to train in case an asteroid threatens to hit Earth one day.
Closely scrutinized
The ship had traveled for ten months since its takeoff in California. To hit a target as small as Dimorphos, the last phase of flight was fully automated, like a self-guided missile.
Three minutes following impact, a shoebox-sized satellite, called LICIACube and released by the spacecraft upriver, was expected to pass regarding 55 km from the asteroid to capture images of the ejecta. The event was also to be observed by the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes, which should be able to detect a bright cloud of dust and thus help to assess the amount of material ejected.
All this should make it possible to better understand the composition of Dimorphos, representative of a population of fairly common asteroids, and therefore to measure the exact effect that this technique – called kinetic impact – can have on them. The European Hera probe, which is due to take off in 2024, will also closely observe Dimorphos in 2026 to assess the consequences of the impact and calculate, for the first time, the mass of the asteroid.
Unknowns
Asteroids have held surprises for scientists in the past. In 2020, the American probe Osiris-Rex had sunk much more than expected into the surface of the asteroid Bennu. Likewise, the composition of Dimorphos is currently not known.
“If the asteroid responds to the Dart impact in a completely unforeseen way, it might actually lead us to reconsider the extent to which kinetic impact is a generalizable technique,” chief scientist Tom Statler warned last week. of the mission.
66 million years ago, the dinosaurs disappeared following the collision of an asteroid regarding 10 kilometers large with the Earth. Nearly 30,000 asteroids of all sizes have been cataloged in the vicinity of the Earth (they are called near-Earth objects, that is to say that their orbit crosses that of our planet).
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